Resim 1. AIGILOPS\u2019un deneysel ekim alanlar\u0131nda yeti\u015ftirilen arpa bitkisi, Kato Lechonia, Pelion, 2014 yaz\u0131. Foto\u011fraf: S.M. Valamoti, Valamoti, S.M, Fyntikoglou V., Symponis, K. 2022. Food Crops in Ancient Greek Cuisine. Thessaloniki University Studio Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Arpa, Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de ya\u015fayan topluluklar\u0131n, k\u00fclt\u00fcre al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f tah\u0131llar ve baklagillerden besin \u00fcretimine ge\u00e7i\u015fi sa\u011flayan ilk denemeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda yeti\u015ftirdikleri son derece kadim bir tah\u0131ld\u0131r. Bu nedenle, arpa taneleri (b\u00fct\u00fcn ya da \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f h\u00e2lde) antik Yunan yaz\u0131n\u0131na g\u00f6re tanr\u0131lara sunulan ilk \u00fcr\u00fcnler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu uygulamaya, Homeros\u2019un Odysseia\u2019s\u0131nda (M\u00d68. y\u00fczy\u0131l), Aristophanes\u2019in Eirene\u2019sinde (M\u00d64.-5.y\u00fczy\u0131l), Theophrastos\u2019ta (Peri Eusebeias<\/em>, M\u00d63.-4.y\u00fczy\u0131l) ve Herodotos\u2019un Historiai\u2019sinde (M\u00d65. y\u00fczy\u0131l) oldu\u011fu gibi, antik metinlerde bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6ndermede rastlan\u0131r. Arpa, Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019in ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren tarih \u00f6ncesi Yunanistan\u2019da yeti\u015ftirilen ilk tah\u0131llardan biridir. Franchthi Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019nda Mezolitik tabakalarda bulunan arpa kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, Ege b\u00f6lgesinde de arpan\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcre al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fine dair varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n ortaya at\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Neolitik boyunca ve Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcresince \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n bir buluntu olan arpa i\u00e7in, \u00f6zellikle M\u00d63. biny\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren, bir t\u00fcr bira yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131tlar da bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Antik Yunan\u2019da arpa, ekmek ve di\u011fer unlu mamullerin ya da \u00e7orbalar\u0131n bir bile\u015feni olarak insanlar taraf\u0131ndan pek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde t\u00fcketilebiliyordu. Bununla birlikte, arpadan haz\u0131rlanan ve m\u00e1za<\/em> ad\u0131yla bilinen \u00f6zel bir yiyecek de vard\u0131. Bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck, yo\u011furma eylemine g\u00f6nderme yapar \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00f6keni m\u00e1ss\u014d<\/em> (yo\u011furmak) fiiline dayan\u0131r. M\u00e1za kelimesine ilk kez M\u00d67.-8.y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Hesiodos\u2019un Erga kai H\u0113merai<\/em> (\u0130\u015fler ve G\u00fcnler) adl\u0131 eserinde rastlar\u0131z; burada s\u00fctle yo\u011frulmu\u015f bir m\u00e1zadan (m\u00e1za amolga\u00ed\u0113<\/em>) s\u00f6z edilir. \u015eair Arkhilokhos\u2019un bir dizesinde ise, bir sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n m\u0131zra\u011f\u0131na saplanm\u0131\u015f m\u00e1zadan bahsedilir (M\u00d67. y\u00fczy\u0131l).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6yleyse, antik Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131 bu denli tan\u0131mlayan ve birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l sonra Romal\u0131lar\u0131n, kendilerini m\u00e1za t\u00fcketen Yunanl\u0131lardan ay\u0131rarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyici bir bak\u0131\u015fla de\u011ferlendirmelerine yol a\u00e7an m\u00e1za tam olarak neydi? Antik metinlerde, \u00f6rne\u011fin Hippokrates\u2019in eserlerinde (M\u00d64.-5.y\u00fczy\u0131l) g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, arpa m\u00e1za<\/em>\u2019s\u0131 ile bu\u011fday ekme\u011fi birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r; her ikisi de \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f tah\u0131l\u0131n suyla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erse de, a\u00e7\u0131k bir ayr\u0131m yap\u0131l\u0131r. M\u00e1za, \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f arpa tanesinin bir s\u0131v\u0131yla (su, s\u00fct, bal ya da \u015farap) kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla haz\u0131rlan\u0131yordu. Nitekim Aristophanes\u2019in Ploutos adl\u0131 eserinde (M\u00d64.-5.y\u00fczy\u0131l) \u015farap, su ve ya\u011f ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir m\u00e1za\u2019dan s\u00f6z edilirken, Nephelai\u2019de \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f arpa ve bal ile haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f m\u00e1za\u2019ya rastlan\u0131r. Antik Atinal\u0131lar, Herodotos\u2019un aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re (M\u00d65. y\u00fczy\u0131l), Akropolis\u2019te ya\u015fayan koruyucu y\u0131lan i\u00e7in her ay bal ile haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f m\u00e1za sunarlard\u0131. Hippokratik metinlerde (M\u00d64.-5.y\u00fczy\u0131l) m\u00e1za\u2019ya ili\u015fkin \u00e7ok say\u0131da betimleme yer al\u0131r; bu betimlemeler, m\u00e1za\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcketilebildi\u011fi farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlere dair bir fikir verir: kuru, sulu, yap\u0131\u015fkan, pi\u015fmi\u015f, \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, kabar\u0131k ya da yumu\u015fak. M\u00e1za, antik komedya metinlerinin bir\u00e7o\u011funda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar; bu da onun antik Yunan\u2019da yayg\u0131n olarak t\u00fcketilen bir g\u0131da oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu t\u00fcr bir besin olan, antik Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc m\u00e1zas\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Yunan mutfa\u011f\u0131ndaki herhangi bir geleneksel yiyecekle do\u011frudan \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilememektedir. Bununla birlikte, antik m\u00e1za\u2019ya en yak\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f benzerli\u011fin, Tibet\u2019te haz\u0131rlanan tsampa<\/em> olabilece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Resim 1. AIGILOPS\u2019un deneysel ekim alanlar\u0131nda yeti\u015ftirilen arpa bitkisi, Kato Lechonia, Pelion, 2014 yaz\u0131. Foto\u011fraf: S.M. Valamoti, Valamoti, S.M, Fyntikoglou…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":14975,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5289,763],"tags":[5369,1739],"class_list":["post-18550","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antik-tatlar","category-istoria-tr","tag-tarihsel-referanslar","tag-ellada-tr"],"yoast_head":"\n