{"id":16563,"date":"2025-12-01T10:22:34","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T10:22:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/?p=16563"},"modified":"2026-01-07T11:35:16","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T11:35:16","slug":"bira","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/tr\/bira\/","title":{"rendered":"Bira"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong><em>Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yunanistan ve Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131 antik \u00e7a\u011flardan beri ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k ve arkeobotanik verilere g\u00f6re Ege b\u00f6lgesinde M.\u00f6. 5. biny\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7ki olan \u015farapla yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir. Bira da, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar ve S\u00fcmerler gibi Akdeniz ve Orta Do\u011fu&#8217;daki bir\u00e7ok halk i\u00e7in k\u00f6kleri tarih \u00f6ncesi \u00e7a\u011flara uzanan bir alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7ecektir. \u015earapla Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki bu derin ba\u011f, hem arkeolojik bulgular hem de antik metinler taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmektedir. Miken saraylar\u0131n\u0131n Linear B yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda, ba\u011f ve \u015farap tanr\u0131s\u0131 Dionisos\u2019la birlikte \u015faraptan bahsedilir. S\u00fcmerlerde de \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli bira ve bile\u015fenleriyle, bira ve birac\u0131l\u0131k Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Ninkasi&#8217;ye \u00e7ok say\u0131da at\u0131fta bulunulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"731\" src=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_Zythos1-1024x731.png\" alt=\"\u0391\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b2\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 2\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u03a6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc Valamoti, S.M. 2023, Plant Foods of Greece: a Culinary Journey to the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. University of Alabama Press.\" class=\"wp-image-16191 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_Zythos1-1024x731.png 1024w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_Zythos1-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_Zythos1-768x549.png 768w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_Zythos1-1536x1097.png 1536w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_Zythos1-2048x1463.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Resim 1. Thessalia B\u00f6lgesindeki Argos yerle\u015fiminde bulunan k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fmi\u015f malt, M.\u00f6. 2. biny\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131. Foto\u011fraf: S.M. Valamoti. 2023, Plant Foods of Greece: a Culinary Journey to the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. University of Alabama Press.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Antik Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n biray\u0131 bilen ve d\u00fczenli olarak t\u00fcketen halklarla \u00e7evrili oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, antik Yunan metinlerinde biraya at\u0131fta bulunuluyor olmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 de s\u00fcrpriz de\u011fildir. Bu y\u00fczden biraya <em>vritos<\/em> veya <em>krithinos inos<\/em>, yani arpadan yap\u0131lan \u015farap gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli eski terimlerle at\u0131fta bulunuldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Biraya at\u0131flarla, eski tarih\u00e7i Ksenofon&#8217;un <em>Anabasis<\/em> (M.\u00f6. 5.-4. y\u00fczy\u0131l) adl\u0131 eserinde ve antik kaynak olarak Athenaeus (M.s. 2.-3. y\u00fczy\u0131l) ve onun Deipnosophists adl\u0131 eserinden bahseden Aristoteles&#8217;in (M.\u00f6. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l) bir metninde de kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz. Antik lirik \u015fairi Arhilohos, Trakyal\u0131lar ve Friglerin bira i\u00e7ti\u011fini belirtirken, Eshilos (M.\u00f6. 6.-5. y\u00fczy\u0131l) ve Sofokles&#8217;in (M.\u00f6. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l) \u015fiirlerinde de biraya at\u0131fta bulunulur. Antik Yunan edebiyat\u0131nda bira, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131larla da ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Miletli Hekataios (M.\u00f6. 6. &#8211; 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l) eserinde M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n bir i\u00e7ecek yapmak i\u00e7in arpa \u00f6\u011f\u00fctt\u00fcklerini belirtirken, tarih\u00e7i Herodot da (M.\u00f6. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l) M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n arpadan yap\u0131lan bir \u015farab\u0131 kulland\u0131klar\u0131ndan bahseder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Resim 2. Nemle filizlenmi\u015f arpa tohumlar\u0131. Bira \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in gerekli olan malt\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, tohum yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 g\u00fcn boyunca filizlenir ve ard\u0131ndan termik i\u015flemle tohumun filizlenme s\u00fcreci durdurulur. Foto\u011fraf S.M.Valamoti, 2021.<\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"\u03a3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03b2\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 7 \u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3.\u039c.\u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7, 2021.\" class=\"wp-image-16199 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>M.\u00f6. 7. biny\u0131ldan itibaren Yunanistan&#8217;daki arkeobotanik kal\u0131nt\u0131larda biran\u0131n temel bile\u015feni olan tah\u0131l tanelerine bol miktarda rastlan\u0131r. Ancak yak\u0131n zamana kadar bu tah\u0131llardan bira \u00fcretildi\u011fine dair kan\u0131t yoktu ve daha \u00e7ok arkeobotanik kal\u0131nt\u0131larda daha bol miktarda bulunan \u015faraba \u00f6nem veriliyordu. Ancak 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Yannitsa\u2019daki Arkontiko ve Thessalia B\u00f6lgesindeki Argos yerle\u015fimlerinde bulunan k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fmi\u015f malt, yani bira \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in gerekli ilk ve ana bile\u015fen olan filizlenmi\u015f tah\u0131l tohumlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan \u00f6nemli buluntular elde edildi\u011fi yay\u0131nland\u0131. M.\u00f6. 2. biny\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131na ait bu buluntular ve ayn\u0131 yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131nda bulunan \u00f6zel kaplarla \u00e7ok say\u0131da seramik kase, Yunanistan&#8217;da Bronz \u00c7a\u011f\u0131&#8217;nda bira \u00fcretiminin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z birer kan\u0131tt\u0131r. Bu bulgular nadir olmakla birlikte, Yunanistan b\u00f6lgesinde tarih \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde, yak\u0131n zamana kadar san\u0131landan \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7ecek \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Yunanistan&#8217;da bir\u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli, yerel bira fabrikas\u0131 faaliyet g\u00f6stermekte olup, \u00e7e\u015fitli tat ve aromalarda gastronomik zenginlik ve kaliteli biralar sunar. Tinos, Santorini ve Evia gibi Ege Adalar\u0131, Kerkira gibi \u0130yon Adalar\u0131 ve Makedonya, Thessalia B\u00f6lgeleri ve Peloponnisos Yar\u0131madas\u0131 gibi Yunanistan ana karas\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgeler \u00f6nemli say\u0131da bira \u00e7e\u015fidiyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Geleneksel olarak Avrupa ve Akdeniz&#8217;in di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeleriyle ili\u015fkilendirilen bu i\u00e7ecek, Yunanistan&#8217;da uzun bir gelene\u011fe sahiptir. Bu tarih \u00f6ncesi biran\u0131n ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 ve tarifi Do\u011fu Akdeniz halklar\u0131ndan gelmi\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Yunanistan ve Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131 antik \u00e7a\u011flardan beri ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":16199,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5289,763],"tags":[5369,1739],"class_list":["post-16563","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antik-tatlar","category-istoria-tr","tag-tarihsel-referanslar","tag-ellada-tr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ 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