{"id":12503,"date":"2025-05-15T08:56:10","date_gmt":"2025-05-15T08:56:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/main\/?p=12503"},"modified":"2025-09-11T08:22:21","modified_gmt":"2025-09-11T08:22:21","slug":"yunanistanin-birincil-sektorundeki-zorluklar-ve-ongoruler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/tr\/yunanistanin-birincil-sektorundeki-zorluklar-ve-ongoruler\/","title":{"rendered":"Yunanistan\u2019in birincil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki zorluklar ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Serkos Haroutounian – Atina Tar\u0131m \u00dcniversitesi Besin ve Beslenme Fizyolojisi Laboratuvar\u0131 Kimya Profes\u00f6r\u00fc\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Helenizmin uzun tarihsel yolculu\u011fu boyunca birincil sekt\u00f6r, istikrarl\u0131 olarak ekonominin tek b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00fcretken dal\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Helenizmin geli\u015fti\u011fi topraklardaki t\u00fcm toplumlar\u0131 tarih boyunca birbirine ba\u011flayan ortak payda tar\u0131m, \u00fclkenin tar\u0131m arazilerinin \u00fcretken yap\u0131s\u0131na ve k\u0131rsal peyzaj\u0131n \u015fekillenmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu uzun s\u00fcreli ili\u015fki, Homeros destanlar\u0131ndan ve Hesiodos’un (M.\u00f6. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131l) \u2018\u0130\u015fler ve G\u00fcnler<\/em>\u2019 adl\u0131 eserinden ba\u015flayarak Aristoteles (M.\u00f6. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Hayvanlar \u00dczerine, Cennet \u00dczerine<\/em>, v.b.) ve \u00f6\u011frencisi Theofrastos (M.\u00f6. 4. ve 3. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Bitkiler \u00dczerinde \u0130ncelemeler, Bitkilerin Tarihi Hakk\u0131nda<\/em>) taraf\u0131ndan sistematik olarak bir dizi kayda ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden, M.s. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Athenaeus \u2018Deipnosophistae\u2019 adl\u0131 eserinde yemeklerin ve tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131nda men\u015fe ad\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu uzun gelenek Bizans’ta, M.s. 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda VII. Konstantinos Porfirogennetos’un giri\u015fimiyle derlenen 20 kitapl\u0131k koleksiyon \u2018Geoponica<\/em>\u2019 ile devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Helenizm\u2019de tar\u0131m\u0131n esnekli\u011fi, uyarlanabilirli\u011fi ve etkinli\u011fi y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca kendini bir\u00e7ok kez kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sanayi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f birincil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ekonomide oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc azaltarak zenginli\u011fi sanayi ve hizmetlere kayd\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olsa da, Yunanistan’\u0131n birincil sekt\u00f6r\u00fc yeni ko\u015fullara uyum sa\u011flayarak, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm ve pamuk gibi yeni d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin yeti\u015ftirilmesine y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, Yeni D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n ekili t\u00fcrlerini de b\u00fcnyesine katarak geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bunun tipik bir \u00f6rne\u011fi, Yunanistan topraklar\u0131nda geleneksel yeti\u015ftirme ve i\u015fleme uygulamalar\u0131yla do\u011fu tarz\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen t\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Yunanistan’da, Yeni D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n sebze ve meyveleri, sadece iki y\u00fczy\u0131l gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde ve geleneksel yeti\u015ftirme uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla, yerel \u00e7e\u015fitler haline getirilerek geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u015fekilde bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Akdeniz tarz\u0131 beslenmenin temel bile\u015fenleri (domates ve patates) haline gelecek kadar g\u00fcnl\u00fck beslenmeye dahil olmu\u015ftur. Santorini domatesi ve Naksos ve Nevrokopi patatesleri gibi baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Co\u011frafi Men\u015fei onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (PDO veya PGI olarak).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Yunan devletinin kurulu\u015fundan iki as\u0131r sonra tar\u0131m, ekonominin ve nesilleri birbirine ba\u011flayan geleneklerin temel direklerinden biri olmaya devam etmektedir. Birincil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ve i\u015flenmesinin \u00fclke GSY\u0130H’sine katk\u0131s\u0131 %6.6’ya ula\u015f\u0131rken, bu oran AB ortalamas\u0131nda sadece %3.5’tir. Tar\u0131m\u0131n \u00fclke ekonomisindeki \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc, 2010 \u00f6ncesi ilgili rakam\u0131n %4,9 olmas\u0131yla vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, kriz y\u0131llar\u0131nda tar\u0131m\u0131n Yunanistan’\u0131n GSY\u0130H’sine %35 oran\u0131nda katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00fclkenin GSY\u0130H\u2019nda \u00f6nemli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fan\u0131rken, tar\u0131mda hafif bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Birincil sekt\u00f6rde istihdam edilen 465.000 ki\u015fiyle, tar\u0131m istihdama daha da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. Buna tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin i\u015flenmesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yakla\u015f\u0131k 120 bin ki\u015fi de eklendi\u011finde toplam say\u0131 \u00fclkedeki i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn %15’ini ge\u00e7mektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k AB ortalamas\u0131ysa sadece % 6,6\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, tar\u0131m\u0131n Yunan ekonomisine katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n muhafaza edilmesi ve\/veya art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in modernize edilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7abalar gerektirmektedir. Modernizasyon; zengin biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik, gelenekler ve \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi belirli geleneksel ko\u015fullardan yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik eylemlerle birlikte bir dizi modern uygulama, inovasyon ve dijital becerinin entegrasyonunu i\u00e7eren politikalarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmelidir. Bu politikalar s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma ve do\u011fayla dost yeti\u015ftirme ve \u00fcretim tekniklerinin benimsenmesiyle birlikte, \u00fcretimin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in CAP standartlar\u0131 ve ko\u015fullar\u0131na uygun \u015fekillendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu hedef i\u00e7in Yunanistan tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorluklar, kronik sorunlar\u0131 ve zay\u0131fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra potansiyel avantajlar\u0131yla ilgili olarak mevcut durumu rasyonel bir \u015fekilde kaydetmek birincil \u00f6neme sahiptir. Bunlar\u0131n kaydedilmesiyle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6nemli noktalar belirlenmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Tar\u0131m arazilerinin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131:<\/strong> Tar\u0131msal i\u015fletmelerin %77.3’\u00fc 5 hektardan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckken, tar\u0131m arazilerinin sadece %36’s\u0131 profesyonel \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere aittir. Geri kalan k\u0131s\u0131m ise emekliler, i\u015f insanlar\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7menler (yerli ve yabanc\u0131), kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve kiliseden olu\u015fan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir n\u00fcfusa aittir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \u00c7ift\u00e7ilerin ya\u015flanmas\u0131: <\/strong>\u00c7iftlik liderlerinin %61’i 55 ya\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerindedir. Birincil sekt\u00f6rdeki n\u00fcfusun yenilenememesinin ana nedeni, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin stat\u00fc ve prestijindeki sosyal bozulmaya ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Tar\u0131msal i\u015fin do\u011fas\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fim:<\/strong> Modern \u00e7iftlik \u00f6zellikleri, aileden i\u015fletmeye do\u011fru kaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yeni \u00e7ift\u00e7i-giri\u015fimci rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynayabilmek i\u00e7in, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin uygun e\u011fitim ve deneyiminin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ticaret-tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in ticaret-marketing bilgilerine sahip olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Buna ek olarak \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f birincil sekt\u00f6rde istihdam, art\u0131k yeni teknolojik ekipmanlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 konusunda uzmanl\u0131k bilgisi gerektirir. Son olarak da, tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun e\u011fitimli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n da bu yeni beceri ve teknolojileri i\u00e7eren e\u011fitim ge\u00e7mi\u015finden yoksun oldu\u011fu iyi bilinmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, tar\u0131msal i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcndeki e\u011fitim oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir engeldir. T\u00fcm \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin sadece %6,8’i tam tar\u0131msal e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bu oran AB ortalamas\u0131 olan %24,2 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Tar\u0131msal biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik: <\/strong>Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n zengin biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz ulusal yeti\u015ftirilen t\u00fcrler katalo\u011funa kaydedilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da bu \u00e7e\u015fitlilikten faydalan\u0131lamamas\u0131 dikkate de\u011ferdir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Yunanistan tar\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ithal \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131m materyallerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 temel al\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi:<\/strong> \u00d6zellikle tar\u0131msal faaliyetler i\u00e7in y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olan, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli beklenmedik, yo\u011fun yerel felaketlere yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Yunanistan, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finden \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilenecek b\u00f6lgelerden biridir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131, ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktarlar\u0131ndaki azalma v.b. acil \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmektedir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Ek zorluklar olarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakiler say\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • ortalama tar\u0131msal gelirin %54’\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan s\u00fcbvansiyonlara y\u00fcksek oranda ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • yeni teknolojilerin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 entegrasyonu,<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • ya\u015flanan tar\u0131m makineleri kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Mevcut durumun envanteriyle birlikte, uygulanabilir ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir perspektifin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni kalk\u0131nma politikalar\u0131n\u0131n planlanmas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f uygulamalar\u0131n, inovasyonlar\u0131n ve dijital becerilerin entegrasyonuna y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • zengin biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik, eski gelenekler ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, gibi baz\u0131 geleneksel g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc noktalar,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131 ve<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • tar\u0131m\u0131n ekonominin di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rlerinden farkl\u0131la\u015fan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sosyal k\u00f6klere sahip bir faaliyet olarak kabul edilmesiyle ilgili eylemleri de i\u00e7ermelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Son olarak da Yunan tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n gelece\u011finin art\u0131k \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00f6nemin getirdi\u011fi zorluklara uyum sa\u011flamak ve modern toplumun birincil sekt\u00f6r taleplerine cevap vermek i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilen CAP ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu perspektifinin kabul edilmesi \u00f6nemlidir.Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Yunanistan’da tar\u0131m\u0131n gelecekteki ufku, art\u0131k CAP standartlar\u0131yla Yunanistan tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kendine has \u00f6zellikleri ve Yunanistan tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne derin k\u00f6kler salm\u0131\u015f olan geleneksel uygulama ve alg\u0131lar\u0131n bir kombinasyonu olarak yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Bu mant\u0131ktan hareketle at\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ad\u0131mlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerdir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        1. Yeni kooperatif tarzlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmak: <\/strong>Heterojen mal sahibi gruplar\u0131n\u0131n ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik ederek\n
            \n
          • par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f arazilerle ilgili kronik zay\u0131fl\u0131klar\u0131n giderilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Hedef; girdiler, makineler, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 v.b. a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomileri elde etmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u2018S\u00f6zle\u015fmeli \u00c7ift\u00e7ilik\u2019 kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • daha iyi y\u00f6netim, sertifikasyon, \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve pazarlanmas\u0131yla birlikte daha ucuz ve daha esnek finansal ara\u00e7lara eri\u015fim amac\u0131yla \u00fcretim hacmini artt\u0131rmakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u00c7ift\u00e7ilerin toplumda oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol\u00fcn iyile\u015ftirilmesi ve ya\u015f ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n yenilenmesi: <\/strong>K\u0131rsal n\u00fcfusun ya\u015f ortalamas\u0131n\u0131 yenileme \u00e7abas\u0131, gen\u00e7ler i\u00e7in bir istihdam sekt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak tar\u0131ma olan tercihin artmas\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6stergeyi iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin toplumda oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol\u00fc iyile\u015ftirmeyi, beklenen geliri art\u0131rmay\u0131 ve giri\u015fimci-\u00e7ift\u00e7i rol\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmay\u0131 hedefleyen politikalar uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Birincil sekt\u00f6rde yer alanlar i\u00e7in e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim: <\/strong>Modern birincil sekt\u00f6re entegrasyon, aktif \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin yeni teknolojik geli\u015fmeleri ve giri\u015fimci-\u00e7ift\u00e7i rol\u00fcne yan\u0131t vermelerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak konular\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcmseme yetene\u011fini gerektirir. Bu hedefle e\u011fitim programlar\u0131 do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n daha verimli kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hassas tar\u0131m, \u00e7evresel a\u00e7\u0131dan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir uygulamalar\u0131n \u00e7iftlik i\u015fletmelerine entegrasyonu i\u00e7in ye\u015fil sertifikasyon, bitki koruma \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin ak\u0131lc\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 gibi modern tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde uyarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu e\u011fitimlerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6r, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n sahada uygulanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            Toprak i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in, istihdam edildikleri \u00fcretim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00f6zel programlar olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Son olarak da tar\u0131m dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131 kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in, yeni AB y\u00f6nergeleri ve y\u00f6netmelikleri, teknolojik yenilikler ve \u00e7iftlik i\u015fletmelerinin finansman\u0131na ili\u015fkin ekonomik veriler veya tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik talepler, pazarlama beklentileri ve prosed\u00fcrleri konusunda g\u00fcncel tutulmalar\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            1. Tar\u0131msal biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131-de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve yerel \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131m materyalinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131:<\/strong> \u00c7e\u015fitlerin belirlenmesi, tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ve ulusal ve Avrupa k\u00fclt\u00fcr t\u00fcrleri katalo\u011funa kaydedilmesi s\u00fcreci, de\u011ferli genetik kaynaklar\u0131n kayb\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirmekten ve \u00fclkeyi karantina bitki patojenlerinin giri\u015finden korumak i\u00e7in sertifikal\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131m materyali \u00fcretiminin ilk kural\u0131d\u0131r. Yerli bitki materyalinin geli\u015ftirilmesi; Yunanistan tar\u0131m\u0131na verimlili\u011fi artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fclkenin toprak ve iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flayan, daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131m materyali sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131, ithal \u00fcr\u00fcnlere olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltaca\u011f\u0131 ve ithalat i\u00e7in gereken d\u00f6vizden tasarruf sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir kalk\u0131nma meselesidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            2. Katma de\u011feri y\u00fcksek \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretimi, belgelendirilmesi ve pazarlanmas\u0131:<\/strong> Yunanistan tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kendine has \u00f6zellikleri (\u00e7e\u015fitli toprak ve iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131, \u00f6zel biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 arazi alan\u0131), uzun ge\u00e7mi\u015fi, benzersiz gelenekleri ve Yunanistan tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve g\u0131dalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6zellikleriyle bir araya geldi\u011finde, kalite ve yenili\u011fe do\u011fru bir ge\u00e7i\u015fin tek yolu olarak benimsenmesine i\u015faret eder. Hedef, uygun Avrupa kalite ve co\u011frafi men\u015fe etiketleriyle (PDO, PGI, TSG) belgelendirilmi\u015f katma de\u011feri y\u00fcksek kaliteli \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve g\u0131dalar \u00fcretmek ve pazarlamakt\u0131r. Bu eylem geleneksel \u00fcr\u00fcnlerimize geni\u015f bir tan\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131k kazand\u0131rarak, onlar\u0131 tar\u0131msal g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden ticari \u00fcr\u00fcnlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrecektir. Benzer \u015fekilde, pestisit, hormon, antibiyotik ve geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f organizmalar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcvenli ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u0131da ve \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f t\u00fcketici e\u011filimlerini yan\u0131tlayan \u00f6zelliklere sahip ulusal kalite etiketlerin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da \u015fartt\u0131r. Son olarak da, do\u011fal ve y\u00fcksek kaliteli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken Natura 2000 a\u011f\u0131na dahil alanlar (Yunanistan topraklar\u0131n\u0131n %21’i) gibi \u00fclkenin geleneksel avantajlar\u0131ndan yararlanmaya acil ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, modern t\u00fcketiciler taraf\u0131ndan tercih edilen y\u00fcksek katma de\u011ferli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k gibi geleneksel tar\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131ndan da faydalan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            3. \u0130klim krizi: <\/strong>\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkilerinin ele al\u0131nmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik temel politikalar;\n
                \n
              • sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, girdi zincirinin rasyonelle\u015ftirilmesi, alternatif enerji t\u00fcrlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve mekanik ekipmanlar\u0131n yenilenmesi\/iyile\u015ftirilmesi,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • erken uyar\u0131 sistemlerinin kurulmas\u0131, kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131 gereken alanlar veya uygun ekim b\u00f6lgeleri olu\u015fturarak (bitki, \u00e7e\u015fit, toprak ve iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak) yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma \u00f6nlemlerinin planlanmas\u0131\/benimsenmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yeni iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131yla uyumlu yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla bu olgunun hafifletilmesi \u00fczerine olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Karbon ayak izi: <\/strong>\u00c7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k a\u011fa\u00e7 mahsullerinin kilit rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7iftliklerdeki karbon tutma dengesinin belirlenmesi, devam\u0131nda da g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon piyasas\u0131nda karbon kredilerinin sat\u0131lmas\u0131yla, sekt\u00f6rdeki \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere \u00f6nemli bir ek gelir sa\u011flanmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda plantasyon varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumaya ve\/veya art\u0131rmaya da te\u015fvik edecektir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomi ilkelerinin benimsenmesi:<\/strong> Tar\u0131msal-end\u00fcstriyel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin yan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri belirli bir zaman ve yerde, b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda ve do\u011fal \u00fcr\u00fcnler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin ve istikrarl\u0131 bir i\u00e7erikle \u00fcretilir. Bu nedenle, \u00e7evre dostu s\u00fcre\u00e7ler kullan\u0131larak g\u0131da, yem, kimyasal madde, malzeme ve biyoyak\u0131t \u00fcretimine y\u00f6nelik biyorafinerilerin geli\u015ftirilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir hammadde te\u015fkil eder. Ayr\u0131ca tar\u0131msal sanayi yan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, \u00f6nemli antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antikanser ve kardiyo-koruyucu \u00f6zelliklere ve y\u00fcksek katma de\u011fere sahip y\u00fcksek biyoaktif molek\u00fcller s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olan ikincil metabolitler i\u00e7erir. Bunlar\u0131n saf molek\u00fcller veya ekstraktlar olarak geri kazan\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6zellikle k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir ve do\u011fal, re\u00e7etesiz ila\u00e7lar, kozmetikler, besin takviyeleri, g\u0131da katk\u0131 maddeleri v.b. \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in bir temel te\u015fkil eder.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Yeni finansal ara\u00e7lar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131: <\/strong>Hedef, tar\u0131msal arazi ve makine sat\u0131n alarak yeni \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in yeni finansal ara\u00e7lar yoluyla profesyonel \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere garantili krediler sa\u011flayarak tar\u0131msal i\u015fletmelerin finansman\u0131n\u0131 rasyonelle\u015ftirmektir. Son olarak da, hassas tar\u0131m\u0131n benimsenmesi gibi alanlarda yeni CAP gerekliliklerin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u2018S\u00f6zle\u015fmeli \u00c7ift\u00e7ilik\u2019 finansal arac\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Tar\u0131m\u0131n dijitalle\u015fmesi: <\/strong>Bireysel politikalar\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan dijital teknoloji uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere \u00fcr\u00fcn yeti\u015ftirme sezonu boyunca kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilecekleri bir dizi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen soruna ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131, de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler sunacak entegre bir bilgi sisteminin kurulmas\u0131 gereklidir. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir hizmet platformu olarak bu dijital sistem, d\u00f6n\u00fcm ba\u015f\u0131na verimin en \u00fcst d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na, \u00e7iftlik i\u015fletmesinin \u00e7evresel ve ekonomik maliyetlerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na, tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin g\u00fcvenlik ve kalite standartlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131na ve agresif pazarlama ve tan\u0131t\u0131m stratejilerinin benimsenmesine kararl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde katk\u0131da bulunabilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Turizmle ba\u011flant\u0131: <\/strong>Tar\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7ok i\u015flevli karakteri, 32 milyon ziyaret\u00e7isiyle \u00fclkenin turistik g\u00fcc\u00fcyle birle\u015ftirilerek kesinlikle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flant\u0131 iki d\u00fczeyde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir. Bunlardan ilki, tar\u0131msal b\u00f6lgeler ve bunlar\u0131n turizm \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fekillendirilmesine olan \u00f6nemli katk\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincisi ise tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin yerel geleneksel gastronomiye dahil edilerek tarihlerinin, spesifik \u00f6zelliklerinin ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa faydalar\u0131n\u0131n vurgulanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde tar\u0131msal b\u00f6lgeler, g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve gastronomi aras\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011fla, ziyaret\u00e7iler m\u00fc\u015fteriye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu stratejinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6n ko\u015fullar \u015funlard\u0131r: a) bu \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in kalite sertifikasyon i\u015faretlerinin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve b) ziyaret\u00e7ilerin \u00fclkelerine d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerinde bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlere eri\u015febilecekleri \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ma\u011fazalar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                Yukar\u0131daki sat\u0131rlarda, zorluklar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmek ve \u00fclkeyi bir sonraki kalk\u0131nma evresine sokmak i\u00e7in istikrarl\u0131 bir altyap\u0131 olarak birincil sekt\u00f6rle ilgili veriler ve \u00fclkenin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tekrarlanan ekonomik krizlerde birincil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn rol\u00fc ortaya konmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ekonominin teknolojik devrime uyum sa\u011flama ve dijital \u00e7a\u011fa girme y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki genel \u00e7abas\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde tarih, modern Yunan tar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in de benzer bir role sahiptir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131ndan ders alm\u0131\u015f olan \u00fclkenin birincil sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, tarih boyunca ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 avantajlar\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcmseyerek CAP ve Kalk\u0131nma Fonu’nun mali katk\u0131s\u0131yla gelece\u011fe iyimserlikle bakmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Bu makalede ifade edilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler yazar\u0131n ki\u015fisel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleridir ve Tar\u0131msal Kalk\u0131nma ve G\u0131da Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini veya fikirlerini yans\u0131tmamaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Serkos Haroutounian – Atina Tar\u0131m \u00dcniversitesi Besin ve Beslenme Fizyolojisi Laboratuvar\u0131 Kimya Profes\u00f6r\u00fc\u00a0 Helenizmin uzun tarihsel yolculu\u011fu boyunca birincil sekt\u00f6r,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":10031,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[845,5303],"tags":[1734,4368,4292,1739],"class_list":["post-12503","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politismos-tr","category-sahsiyetler","tag-mesogeiaki-diatrofi-tr","tag-technologia-tr","tag-kainotomia-tr","tag-ellada-tr"],"yoast_head":"\nYunanistan\u2019in birincil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki zorluklar ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler - Tersine Tar\u0131m<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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