{"id":16498,"date":"2025-12-01T09:09:46","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T09:09:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/?p=16498"},"modified":"2026-01-07T11:28:56","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T11:28:56","slug":"sambucus-eller-koufoksylia-fladerbar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/sv\/sambucus-eller-koufoksylia-fladerbar\/","title":{"rendered":"Sambucus eller koufoksylia (fl\u00e4derb\u00e4r)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong><em>Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De sm\u00e5, m\u00f6rka b\u00e4ren fr\u00e5n fl\u00e4dern anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r att framst\u00e4lla marmelad, medan kulturer fr\u00e5n Balkan till Skandinavien anv\u00e4nder blommorna som ingrediens i en doftande sockerlag. Det grekiska ordet koufoksylia, som betyder ih\u00e5ligt tr\u00e4, \u00e4r ett uttryck f\u00f6r en folktro som f\u00f6rekommer i hela Europa, och enligt denna hyser dessa ih\u00e5liga grenar andar. Arkeobotaniska fynd av b\u00e4ren fr\u00e5n den neolitiska perioden har p\u00e5tr\u00e4ffats i Grekland, men dessa \u00e4r vanligtvis f\u00e5 och relativt s\u00e4llsynta. En stor m\u00e4ngd fl\u00e4derb\u00e4rsfr\u00f6n har dock hittats p\u00e5 den neolitiska platsen Kleito i prefekturen Kozani.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_P1260410-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16480 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_P1260410-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_P1260410-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_P1260410-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_P1260410-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_P1260410-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_P1260410-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Bild 1. Fl\u00e4dertr\u00e4d i blom, bergen i Centrala Makedonien, maj 2022. Fotografi av S.M. Valamoti<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Det finns relativt f\u00e5 referenser till v\u00e4xten i antik grekisk litteratur, och n\u00e4stan uteslutande i medicinska texter. Theofrastos (300\u2013200 f.Kr.) ger viss information om v\u00e4xtens botaniska egenskaper. Den antika grekiska termen f\u00f6r fl\u00e4der \u00e4r <em>akti<\/em> (och <em>aktea<\/em>), medan en senare, anonym medicinsk text bevarad i fragment inneh\u00e5ller ordet <em>koufoksylaia<\/em> som en modifierare f\u00f6r termen <em>akti<\/em>. H\u00e4nvisningar till v\u00e4xten i antik grekisk litteratur \u00e5tf\u00f6ljs vanligtvis av de medicinska egenskaperna hos v\u00e4xtens olika delar samt farmaceutiska formler f\u00f6r specifika \u00e5kommor. Hippokrates samlade verk (400\u2013300 f.Kr.) inneh\u00e5ller flera h\u00e4nvisningar till fl\u00e4der som en ingrediens i traditionella botemedel. I <em>Om sjukdomar<\/em> f\u00f6resl\u00e5s exempelvis tre olika botemedel f\u00f6r den som lider av ih\u00e5llande huvudv\u00e4rk, slem och feber, varav det tredje och mest potenta \u00e4r saften fr\u00e5n fl\u00e4derblad. I <em>Om kosten<\/em> anses fl\u00e4dersaft (\u00e4ven om v\u00e4xtens specifika del inte anges) vara ett kraftfullt och effektivt laxermedel. Dioskorides (f\u00f6rsta \u00e5rhundradet e.Kr.) g\u00f6r i sitt verk <em>De materia medica<\/em> en \u00e5tskillnad mellan fl\u00e4der (akti) och chamosampouko (<em>chamaiakti<\/em>), med detaljerade beskrivningar av de tv\u00e5 v\u00e4xterna. Han f\u00f6rtecknar \u00e4ven deras medicinska egenskaper och anv\u00e4ndningsomr\u00e5den, som han anser vara i stort sett likartade. Dioscorides menar att tr\u00e4dets b\u00e4r (<em>kakostomachoi<\/em>) \u00e4r skadliga f\u00f6r mag- tarmsystemet, men tror att bladen och de unga skotten vid kokning kan hj\u00e4lpa till att rena gallbl\u00e5san och l\u00f6sg\u00f6ra slem. Efter kokning i vin kan fruktens r\u00f6tter dessutom anv\u00e4ndas f\u00f6r att behandla huggormsbett. Bland fl\u00e4derns olika medicinska egenskaper noterar Dioscorides att bad i vatten d\u00e4r fl\u00e4derrot har kokats hj\u00e4lper vid livmodersjukdomar, liksom konsumtion av fl\u00e4der med vin. Slutligen beskriver han ett omslag best\u00e5ende av malet korn och unga fl\u00e4derskott, som ska appliceras p\u00e5 br\u00e4nnskador och hundbett.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Bild 2. Fl\u00e4derb\u00e4rsmarmelad, ink\u00f6pt i Thessaloniki, september 2025, produkt fr\u00e5n Pelion, Magnesien. Fotografi av S.M. Valamoti<\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_20250914_183552-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16472 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_20250914_183552-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_20250914_183552-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_20250914_183552-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_20250914_183552-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_20250914_183552-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Fl\u00e4dern \u00e4r inhemsk i Grekland, men anv\u00e4nds fortfarande i begr\u00e4nsad utstr\u00e4ckning i dagens matlagning. Fl\u00e4derb\u00e4rsmarmelader finns att k\u00f6pa i sm\u00e5 lokala butiker, d\u00e4r deras sl\u00e5ende, djupr\u00f6da f\u00e4rg kommer till sin r\u00e4tt. Eftersom det \u00e4r s\u00e5 m\u00f6dosamt och tidskr\u00e4vande att sk\u00f6rda b\u00e4ren \u00e4r produktionen oftast begr\u00e4nsad. Marmelader framst\u00e4llda p\u00e5 denna s\u00e4llsynta delikatess fr\u00e5n den grekiska landsbygden, som har avnjutits sedan f\u00f6rhistorisk tid, kan k\u00f6pas fr\u00e5n jordbruksverksamheter eller sm\u00e5 butiker som s\u00e4ljer lokala produkter, exempelvis i Pelion eller Kalampaka i Thessalien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_20250914_185453-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16488 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_20250914_185453-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_20250914_185453-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_20250914_185453-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_20250914_185453-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/488_20250914_185453-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Bild 3. Fl\u00e4derb\u00e4rsmarmelad, ink\u00f6pt i Thessaloniki, september 2025, produkt fr\u00e5n Pelion, Magnesien. Fotografi av S.M. Valamoti<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki De sm\u00e5, m\u00f6rka b\u00e4ren fr\u00e5n fl\u00e4dern anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":16480,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5288,762],"tags":[1721,5368],"class_list":["post-16498","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forntida-smaker","category-istoria-sv","tag-ellada-sv","tag-historiska-kallor"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Sambucus eller koufoksylia (fl\u00e4derb\u00e4r) - Omv\u00e4nt jordbruk<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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