{"id":16951,"date":"2025-12-09T09:32:55","date_gmt":"2025-12-09T09:32:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/?p=16951"},"modified":"2026-01-07T11:14:24","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T11:14:24","slug":"fruits-de-mer-les-coquillages","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/fruits-de-mer-les-coquillages\/","title":{"rendered":"Fruits de mer \u2013 Les coquillages"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Soultana-Maria Valamoti<\/strong>, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Depuis la pr\u00e9histoire, la mer joue un r\u00f4le central dans la vie des habitants de la Gr\u00e8ce, \u00e0 la fois comme voie de communication, de d\u00e9placements et d\u2019\u00e9changes de biens et d\u2019id\u00e9es, mais aussi comme une source importante de denr\u00e9es alimentaires, riche et tr\u00e8s diversifi\u00e9e. L\u2019exploitation des ressources marines par les communaut\u00e9s pr\u00e9historiques de l\u2019\u00c9g\u00e9e install\u00e9es sur les c\u00f4tes et, dans une certaine mesure, \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des terres, se reconna\u00eet \u00e0 travers les restes de poissons et de coquillages retrouv\u00e9s dans les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts arch\u00e9ologiques. \u00c0 Franchthi, durant la p\u00e9riode m\u00e9solithique, on observe la collecte de coquillages tels que le c\u00e9rithe (Cerithium vulgatum<\/em>), pratique qui se poursuit \u00e0 la p\u00e9riode n\u00e9olithique qui suit, amorc\u00e9e vers le milieu du VIIe<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C., ainsi que durant les p\u00e9riodes ult\u00e9rieures. Il semble que les habitants pr\u00e9historiques de l\u2019Argolide, malgr\u00e9 la transition majeure vers l\u2019agriculture au N\u00e9olithique, continuent \u00e0 ramasser les mollusques. Les produits de la mer sont largement pr\u00e9sents dans les \u00e9tablissements remontant d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e0 la p\u00e9riode n\u00e9olithique (VIIe<\/sup>\u2013IVe<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C.), une pratique qui se prolonge \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge du Bronze (IVe<\/sup>\u2013IIe<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C.) et jusqu\u2019aux \u00e9poques historiques. On y rencontre alors une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019esp\u00e8ces p\u00each\u00e9es aussi bien en mer qu\u2019en eau douce. Les sites pr\u00e9historiques livrent souvent d\u2019importantes concentrations de coquilles de mollusques p\u00each\u00e9s sur les rivages : coques (Cerastoderma edule<\/em>), amandes de mer, patelles, couteaux de mer, grandes nacres (ou pinna<\/em>), praires, p\u00e9toncles, bigorneaux, oursins, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>
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Image 1. Vernis crus servis sur la table d\u2019une maison moderne de Mac\u00e9doine, 2021. Photo : Christina Nikopoulou, avec son aimable autorisation<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Les fouilles arch\u00e9ologiques et les \u00e9tudes sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es en arch\u00e9ozoologie confirment la longue dur\u00e9e de la consommation de coquillages en Gr\u00e8ce jusqu\u2019aux p\u00e9riodes historiques, durant le Ier<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C. Les esp\u00e8ces de mollusques ramass\u00e9es au N\u00e9olithique et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge du Bronze continuent d\u2019\u00eatre consomm\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque historique, telles que les c\u00e9rithes, les patelles, les grandes nacres, etc., comme on peut l\u2019observer dans les vestiges mis au jour dans le sanctuaire de Pos\u00e9idon \u00e0 Calaurie (Poros).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La consommation de coquillages dans la Gr\u00e8ce antique est largement attest\u00e9e par de nombreuses r\u00e9f\u00e9rences dans les textes anciens. Les coquillages y apparaissent sous une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de termes, correspondant aux nombreux types consomm\u00e9s en Gr\u00e8ce antique. Galien (IIe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle apr. J.-C.), dans son ouvrage Sur les facult\u00e9s des aliments<\/em>, distingue les hu\u00eetres des autres coquillages, car leur chair est tendre et peut \u00eatre consomm\u00e9e crue. Bien qu\u2019elles ne soient pas tr\u00e8s nourrissantes, elles sont faciles \u00e0 dig\u00e9rer. \u00c0 l\u2019inverse, les autres esp\u00e8ces, les mikra chimia<\/em> (petites palourdes), les couteaux de mer, les sph\u00f3ndyloi<\/em>, les porphyrai<\/em> et les k\u00edrykes<\/em> (sorte d\u2019escargot marin), ont une chair dure. Elles ne se consomment qu\u2019apr\u00e8s cuisson, et bien qu\u2019elles soient nutritives, elles sont lourdes pour l\u2019estomac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Image 2. Vernis et hu\u00eetres pr\u00eats \u00e0 \u00eatre consomm\u00e9s, crus, au citron, dans une maison moderne de Mac\u00e9doine, 2021. Photo : Christina Nikopoulou, avec son aimable autorisation<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

La consommation de mollusques en Gr\u00e8ce, qui couvre au moins 10 000 ans, est impressionnante. Certains portent encore aujourd\u2019hui le m\u00eame nom en grec moderne, tels que pinna<\/em>, mydi<\/em> (moule), sol\u00ednas<\/em> (couteau de mer) \u2013 des fruits de mer qui demeurent des mezz\u00e9s tr\u00e8s appr\u00e9ci\u00e9s. Beaucoup de ces esp\u00e8ces sont aujourd\u2019hui difficiles \u00e0 trouver dans le commerce, mais elles figurent dans des livres de cuisine r\u00e9gionale ou dans des recueils rares de recettes familiales : ainsi, les pinna<\/em> et les ch\u00e1vra<\/em> (moules sauvages) \u00e0 Leucade ; les patelles au four et les kalogn\u00f3mes<\/em> (un type de praire) aux ditalini \u00e0 Lemnos; les pourpres et patelles aux amarantes ou encore patelles et pourpres grill\u00e9es au charbon \u00e0 Volos; les moules en Thessalie et en Mac\u00e9doine, notamment autour du golfe Therma\u00efque o\u00f9 elles sont aussi \u00e9lev\u00e9es, ainsi qu\u2019en Chalcidique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bibliographie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une partie des informations ci-dessus est tir\u00e9e des ouvrages suivants :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dalby, A.E. W. 1996. Siren Feasts: A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mylona, Dimitra (2007) Fish-eating in Greece from the fifth century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. : a story of impoverished fisherman or luxurious fish banquets? University<\/em> of<\/em> Southampton<\/em>, <\/em>Doctoral<\/em> Thesis<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Veropoulidou Rena, 2014. \u038c\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 (Aspects of Neolithic and Bronze Age diet and material culture in central Macedonia: the evidence from shell analyses). Tome V. Stefani, N. Merousis, A. Dimoula (\u00e9d.), A century of research in prehistoric Macedonia. International Conference Proceedings. Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, 22-24 November 2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theodoropoulou, T. (2023). Same sea, different catches. Exploring ecological variations vs. Human choices in prehistoric Mediterranean: The Aegean case. PALEO. Revue d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie pr\u00e9historique<\/em>, (Hors-s\u00e9rie), 176-194.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Depuis la pr\u00e9histoire, la mer joue un r\u00f4le…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":16935,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[759,5285],"tags":[1671,5365],"class_list":["post-16951","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istoria-fr","category-saveurs-anciennes","tag-ellada-fr","tag-references-historiques"],"yoast_head":"\nFruits de mer \u2013 Les coquillages - Agriculture invers\u00e9e<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/fruits-de-mer-les-coquillages\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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