{"id":16914,"date":"2025-12-08T11:05:53","date_gmt":"2025-12-08T11:05:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/?p=16914"},"modified":"2026-01-07T11:16:19","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T11:16:19","slug":"le-safran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/le-safran\/","title":{"rendered":"Le safran"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien qu\u2019il soit tr\u00e8s difficile que des restes de safran se conservent dans les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts arch\u00e9ologiques, les d\u00e9couvertes spectaculaires du site d\u2019Akrotiri \u00e0 Santorin t\u00e9moignent de la collecte du safran par des femmes d\u00e8s le IIe<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C. Il s\u2019agit de la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre fresque repr\u00e9sentant deux femmes cueillant du safran dans un paysage rocheux, c\u2019est pourquoi elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9e \u00ab les cueilleuses de safran<\/em> \u00bb. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9e dans un b\u00e2timent d\u00e9truit par les cendres de l\u2019\u00e9ruption du volcan de Santorin, \u00e9ruption que l\u2019on date aux environs de 1600 av. J.-C. Le safran appara\u00eet aussi en Lin\u00e9aire B, dans des archives de la p\u00e9riode myc\u00e9nienne (vers 1350\u20131200 av. J.-C.) d\u00e9couvertes \u00e0 Knossos en Cr\u00e8te, o\u00f9 l\u2019on constate que sa collecte \u00e9tait supervis\u00e9e par le palais, qui cherchait \u00e0 augmenter les quantit\u00e9s \u00e0 r\u00e9unir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n

Image 1. Filaments de safran provenant de Kozani, Mac\u00e9doine occidentale. Photo : S.M. Valamoti<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences au safran sont nombreuses dans la litt\u00e9rature grecque antique. D\u00e9j\u00e0, dans les \u00e9pop\u00e9es hom\u00e9riques (VIIIe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.), le mot appara\u00eet dans le compos\u00e9 krok\u00f3peplos<\/em>, qui d\u00e9crit l\u2019Aurore drap\u00e9e d\u2019un voile d\u2019un jaune intense, image tr\u00e8s vivante \u00e9voquant la couleur safran\u00e9e du ciel au lever du jour. Dans l\u2019Hymne hom\u00e9rique \u00e0 D\u00e9m\u00e9ter<\/em>, le safran figure parmi les nombreuses fleurs que Pers\u00e9phone cueillait lorsque Pluton l\u2019enleva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 L\u2019usage du safran comme teinture pour les v\u00eatements est attest\u00e9 par de nombreuses r\u00e9f\u00e9rences dans la litt\u00e9rature grecque. Dans un fragment attribu\u00e9 par Ath\u00e9n\u00e9e aux Chants Cypriens (VIIIe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.), il est question de v\u00eatements confectionn\u00e9s et teints par les Charites et les Heures avec les couleurs des fleurs du printemps, parmi lesquelles le safran. Au VIe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C., Pindare d\u00e9crit comme krokot\u00f3n sp\u00e1rganon<\/em> (N\u00e9m\u00e9ennes 1.38) les langes du nourrisson H\u00e9racl\u00e8s, jugeant manifestement la couleur safran\u00e9e digne de sa grandeur. De m\u00eame, Eschyle, contemporain de Pindare, fait d\u00e9crire par le Ch\u0153ur des Perses<\/em> les chaussures du roi Darius comme krok\u00f3bapton<\/em> (\u00ab teintes au safran \u00bb), et dans l\u2019Agamemnon<\/em>, Iphig\u00e9nie porte un v\u00eatement teint au safran lorsqu\u2019Agamemnon la conduit au sacrifice. Dans les com\u00e9dies d\u2019Aristophane (Ve<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.), le safran appara\u00eet tr\u00e8s souvent comme \u00e9l\u00e9ment du soin esth\u00e9tique f\u00e9minin : tant\u00f4t parfum d\u2019une dame coquette (Nu\u00e9es<\/em> 51), mais surtout couleur de leurs robes, puisque le mot krokot\u00f3s<\/em> signifie d\u00e9sormais \u00ab v\u00eatement teint au safran \u00bb (par exemple, dans Lysistrata, \u00ab v\u00eatues de safran et par\u00e9es \u00bb). Dans le jeu comique, les robes safran\u00e9es deviennent embl\u00e9matiques de sc\u00e8nes de travestissement masculin ou signes de f\u00e9minit\u00e9 excessive (par exemple, dans Les Thesmophories<\/em> 253, 941 ; L\u2019Assembl\u00e9e des femmes<\/em> 332 ; m\u00eame pour Dionysos dans Les Grenouilles<\/em> 45\u201346).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Image 2. Filaments de safran de Kozani, moulus et dissous dans de l\u2019eau chaude. C\u2019est de cette mani\u00e8re qu\u2019on le rencontre dans les usages culinaires, pour son ar\u00f4me et sa couleur. Photo : S.M. Valamoti<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019usage m\u00e9dicinal du safran \u00e9tait \u00e9galement tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandu, comme le montrent les nombreuses r\u00e9f\u00e9rences dans les textes m\u00e9dicaux d\u00e8s Hippocrate (Ve<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.) et le corpus hippocratique, o\u00f9 le safran appara\u00eet dans de nombreuses pr\u00e9parations associ\u00e9es \u00e0 divers ingr\u00e9dients, souvent en proportions pr\u00e9cises. On rencontre des centaines d\u2019occurrences du mot chez des m\u00e9decins post\u00e9rieurs comme Dioscoride (Ier<\/sup> si\u00e8cle apr. J.-C.), qui mentionne notamment une pommade \u00e0 base de safran, le krokom\u00e1gma<\/em>, ou encore chez Galien, un si\u00e8cle plus tard, qui cite aussi le krokom\u00e1gma<\/em>, mais pour d\u00e9signer un m\u00e9dicament contenant du safran. Dans un texte beaucoup plus tardif du VIe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle apr. J.-C., \u0153uvre du m\u00e9decin Alexandre de Tralles, appara\u00eet le terme krok\u00f3melon<\/em>, un sirop \u00e0 base de coings et de safran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, le safran est cultiv\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re syst\u00e9matique dans la r\u00e9gion de Kozani, en Mac\u00e9doine occidentale, o\u00f9 il b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d\u2019une AOP. La collecte du safran sauvage et son utilisation culinaire existent encore dans les recettes traditionnelles des Cyclades. On rapporte que le safran sauvage \u00e9tait cueilli sur les hauteurs de Kimolos et, plus r\u00e9cemment encore, \u00e0 Santorin, \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle domestique. \u00c0 Kimolos, le pain traditionnel de No\u00ebl est parfum\u00e9 au safran : on utilise une petite quantit\u00e9 d\u2019eau dans laquelle les stigmates s\u00e9ch\u00e9s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 infus\u00e9s pendant deux ou trois heures. Un usage similaire est attest\u00e9 pour le pain de P\u00e2ques \u00e0 Anafi, o\u00f9 les stigmates sont pil\u00e9s au mortier et dissous dans de l\u2019eau chaude avant d\u2019\u00eatre ajout\u00e9s \u00e0 la p\u00e2te. Enfin, \u00e0 Santorin \u2013 l\u00e0 m\u00eame o\u00f9 nous avons rencontr\u00e9 les \u00ab cueilleuses de safran \u00bb du IIe<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C. \u2013 on trouve aujourd\u2019hui des pr\u00e9parations au safran telles que de petits paximadia ou des xeroteganes<\/em> (beignets frits).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Bien qu\u2019il soit tr\u00e8s difficile que des restes…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":16898,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[759,5285],"tags":[1671,5365],"class_list":["post-16914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istoria-fr","category-saveurs-anciennes","tag-ellada-fr","tag-references-historiques"],"yoast_head":"\nLe safran - Agriculture invers\u00e9e<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/le-safran\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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