{"id":16559,"date":"2025-12-01T10:22:34","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T10:22:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/?p=16559"},"modified":"2026-01-07T11:34:41","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T11:34:41","slug":"la-biere","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/","title":{"rendered":"La bi\u00e8re"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La Gr\u00e8ce et le monde grec sont \u00e9troitement li\u00e9s, depuis l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9, \u00e0 la vigne et au vin, une boisson alcoolis\u00e9e dont les racines dans la r\u00e9gion \u00e9g\u00e9enne remontent au Ve<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C., comme en t\u00e9moignent les donn\u00e9es arch\u00e9obotaniques. La bi\u00e8re constitue \u00e9galement une boisson alcoolis\u00e9e dont les origines remontent \u00e0 la pr\u00e9histoire chez de nombreux peuples de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et du Moyen-Orient, tels que les \u00c9gyptiens et les Sum\u00e9riens. Cette perception largement r\u00e9pandue de l\u2019association entre le vin et la civilisation grecque est \u00e9tay\u00e9e aussi bien par les d\u00e9couvertes arch\u00e9ologiques que par les textes anciens. Le vin est d\u00e9j\u00e0 mentionn\u00e9 sur les tablettes en lin\u00e9aire B des palais myc\u00e9niens, aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s du dieu de la vigne et du vin, Dionysos. De m\u00eame, chez les Sum\u00e9riens, on trouve de nombreuses r\u00e9f\u00e9rences \u00e0 une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de bi\u00e8res, \u00e0 leurs ingr\u00e9dients, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 la d\u00e9esse de la bi\u00e8re et du brassage, Ninkasi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u0391\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7<\/figure>
\n

Image 1. Orge malt\u00e9e carbonis\u00e9e provenant d\u2019Argissa, en Thessalie, premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du IIe<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C. Photo tir\u00e9e de : Valamoti, S.M., Plant Foods of Greece : a Culinary Journey to the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, University of Alabama Press, 2023.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que le monde grec antique \u00e9tait entour\u00e9 de peuples qui connaissaient et consommaient r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement la bi\u00e8re, il n\u2019est gu\u00e8re surprenant que les textes grecs anciens y fassent eux aussi r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. Ainsi, la bi\u00e8re y appara\u00eet sous diff\u00e9rents termes anciens, tels que vrytos<\/em> krithinos oinos<\/em>, autrement dit un \u00ab vin d\u2019orge \u00bb. Des mentions de la bi\u00e8re figurent dans l\u2019Anabase<\/em> de l\u2019historien grec X\u00e9nophon (Ve\u2013IVe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.), dans un fragment d\u2019Aristote (IVe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.), et plus particuli\u00e8rement dans l\u2019\u0153uvre d\u2019Ath\u00e9n\u00e9e (Les Deipnosophistes<\/em>, IIe<\/sup>\u2013IIIe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle ap. J.-C.), qui constitue la principale source de t\u00e9moignages antiques sur la bi\u00e8re. Le po\u00e8te lyrique Archiloque \u00e9voque le fait que les Thraces et les Phrygiens boivent de la bi\u00e8re, et on en trouve \u00e9galement des mentions dans des fragments de vers d\u2019Eschyle (VIe<\/sup>\u2013Ve<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.) et de Sophocle (Ve<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.). Dans la litt\u00e9rature grecque ancienne, on constate que la bi\u00e8re est aussi associ\u00e9e aux \u00c9gyptiens, par exemple dans l\u2019\u0153uvre d\u2019H\u00e9cat\u00e9e de Milet (VIe<\/sup>\u2013Ve<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.), qui rapporte que ceux-ci moulent l\u2019orge pour fabriquer une boisson, tandis qu\u2019H\u00e9rodote (Ve<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.) mentionne l\u2019usage par les \u00c9gyptiens d\u2019un vin d\u2019orge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Image 2. Grains d\u2019orge ayant germ\u00e9 sous l\u2019effet de l\u2019humidit\u00e9. Lors de la pr\u00e9paration du malt, ingr\u00e9dient indispensable \u00e0 la fabrication de la bi\u00e8re, le grain germe pendant environ sept jours, puis un traitement thermique interrompt le processus de germination. Photo : S.M. Valamoti, 2021.<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"\u03a3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ingr\u00e9dient de base de la bi\u00e8re, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire les grains de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales, abonde dans les vestiges arch\u00e9obotaniques d\u00e9couverts en Gr\u00e8ce, remontant jusqu\u2019au VIIe<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C. Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 une date r\u00e9cente, aucun indice ne permettait toutefois d\u2019attester la production de bi\u00e8re \u00e0 partir de ces grains, et l\u2019accent \u00e9tait toujours mis sur le vin, dont les vestiges arch\u00e9obotaniques sont nombreux. En 2018, d\u2019importantes d\u00e9couvertes ont cependant \u00e9t\u00e9 mises au jour, provenant d\u2019Archontiko, pr\u00e8s de Giannitsa, et d\u2019Argissa, en Thessalie. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019orge malt\u00e9e carbonis\u00e9e, autrement dit, de graines de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales germ\u00e9es, qui constituent le premier et principal ingr\u00e9dient n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la fabrication de la bi\u00e8re. Ces d\u00e9couvertes, dat\u00e9es de la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du IIe<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C., accompagn\u00e9es de structures sp\u00e9cifiques et de nombreux gobelets en c\u00e9ramique mis au jour sur les m\u00eames sites, constituent une preuve indiscutable de la pratique du brassage en Gr\u00e8ce \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge du bronze. Aussi rares soient-elles, ces trouvailles r\u00e9v\u00e8lent une plus grande diversit\u00e9 dans le choix des boissons alcoolis\u00e9es en Gr\u00e8ce, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque pr\u00e9historique, que ce que l\u2019on pensait jusqu\u2019\u00e0 r\u00e9cemment. Aujourd\u2019hui, de nombreuses microbrasseries locales sont actives en Gr\u00e8ce, apportant une richesse gastronomique et produisant des bi\u00e8res de qualit\u00e9, aux saveurs et aux ar\u00f4mes vari\u00e9s. Des \u00eeles telles que Tinos, Santorin et Eub\u00e9e, dans la mer \u00c9g\u00e9e, Corfou, dans la mer Ionienne, ainsi que plusieurs r\u00e9gions de Gr\u00e8ce continentale comme la Mac\u00e9doine, la Thessalie et le P\u00e9loponn\u00e8se, pr\u00e9sentent une impressionnante diversit\u00e9 de bi\u00e8res. Cette boisson, traditionnellement associ\u00e9e \u00e0 d\u2019autres r\u00e9gions d\u2019Europe et de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, poss\u00e8de en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 une tr\u00e8s ancienne tradition en Gr\u00e8ce, m\u00eame si l\u2019inspiration et la recette de cette bi\u00e8re pr\u00e9historique ont pu venir des peuples de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e orientale.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki La Gr\u00e8ce et le monde grec sont \u00e9troitement…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":16195,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[759,5285],"tags":[1671,5365],"class_list":["post-16559","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istoria-fr","category-saveurs-anciennes","tag-ellada-fr","tag-references-historiques"],"yoast_head":"\nLa bi\u00e8re - Agriculture invers\u00e9e<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La bi\u00e8re - Agriculture invers\u00e9e\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki La Gr\u00e8ce et le monde grec sont \u00e9troitement...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Agriculture invers\u00e9e\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/GreekFarmsOfficial\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-12-01T10:22:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-01-07T11:34:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1439\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/05df0d0de837423cc5cd0af63fcca183\"},\"headline\":\"La bi\u00e8re\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-12-01T10:22:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-01-07T11:34:41+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/\"},\"wordCount\":899,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-scaled.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Gr\u00e8ce\",\"R\u00e9f\u00e9rences historiques\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Histoire\",\"Saveurs anciennes\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/\",\"name\":\"La bi\u00e8re - Agriculture invers\u00e9e\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-scaled.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-12-01T10:22:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-01-07T11:34:41+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-scaled.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-scaled.jpg\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":1439,\"caption\":\"\u03a3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03b2\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 7 \u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3.\u039c.\u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7, 2021.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"La bi\u00e8re\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/\",\"name\":\"\u0395\u03be\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\",\"description\":\"\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u0388\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2!\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"Greek Farms\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u0391\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grfarms_logo_blue@w320px.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grfarms_logo_blue@w320px.png\",\"width\":320,\"height\":408,\"caption\":\"\u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u0391\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/GreekFarmsOfficial\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/greekfarms_official\/\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/greek-farms\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@GreekFarmsOfficial\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/05df0d0de837423cc5cd0af63fcca183\",\"name\":\"\u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0d8c0a5ececca04718c68513c4f0d88adb23ab6b4e68ea835795c5cb8a8652e5?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0d8c0a5ececca04718c68513c4f0d88adb23ab6b4e68ea835795c5cb8a8652e5?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"\u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/author\/kkalogranas\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"La bi\u00e8re - Agriculture invers\u00e9e","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"La bi\u00e8re - Agriculture invers\u00e9e","og_description":"Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki La Gr\u00e8ce et le monde grec sont \u00e9troitement...","og_url":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/","og_site_name":"Agriculture invers\u00e9e","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/GreekFarmsOfficial","article_published_time":"2025-12-01T10:22:34+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-01-07T11:34:41+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2560,"height":1439,"url":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-scaled.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"\u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u00c9crit par":"\u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2","Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/"},"author":{"name":"\u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2","@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/05df0d0de837423cc5cd0af63fcca183"},"headline":"La bi\u00e8re","datePublished":"2025-12-01T10:22:34+00:00","dateModified":"2026-01-07T11:34:41+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/"},"wordCount":899,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-scaled.jpg","keywords":["Gr\u00e8ce","R\u00e9f\u00e9rences historiques"],"articleSection":["Histoire","Saveurs anciennes"],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/","url":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/","name":"La bi\u00e8re - Agriculture invers\u00e9e","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-scaled.jpg","datePublished":"2025-12-01T10:22:34+00:00","dateModified":"2026-01-07T11:34:41+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/491_zythso2-scaled.jpg","width":2560,"height":1439,"caption":"\u03a3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03b2\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 7 \u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3.\u039c.\u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7, 2021."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/la-biere\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae","item":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"La bi\u00e8re"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/","name":"\u0395\u03be\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1","description":"\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u0388\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2!","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#organization"},"alternateName":"Greek Farms","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#organization","name":"\u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u0391\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd","url":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grfarms_logo_blue@w320px.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grfarms_logo_blue@w320px.png","width":320,"height":408,"caption":"\u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u0391\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/GreekFarmsOfficial","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/greekfarms_official\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/greek-farms\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@GreekFarmsOfficial"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/05df0d0de837423cc5cd0af63fcca183","name":"\u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0d8c0a5ececca04718c68513c4f0d88adb23ab6b4e68ea835795c5cb8a8652e5?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0d8c0a5ececca04718c68513c4f0d88adb23ab6b4e68ea835795c5cb8a8652e5?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"\u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2"},"url":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/author\/kkalogranas\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16559","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16559"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16559\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18357,"href":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16559\/revisions\/18357"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16195"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16559"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16559"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16559"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}