{"id":16519,"date":"2025-12-01T09:59:15","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T09:59:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/?p=16519"},"modified":"2026-01-07T11:25:47","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T11:25:47","slug":"lail","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/lail\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019ail"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong><em>Soultana Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019ail est connu depuis les habitats arch\u00e9ologiques de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, bien que ses vestiges directs, sous forme de gousses ou de t\u00eates d\u2019ail, soient rares, car ils se conservent difficilement dans les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts arch\u00e9ologiques. Malgr\u00e9 la difficult\u00e9 de pr\u00e9servation et d\u2019identification dans les archives arch\u00e9ologiques, des restes d\u2019ail ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9s en Gr\u00e8ce pr\u00e9historique, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge du bronze. Les fouilles ont mis au jour, dans une pi\u00e8ce de l\u2019habitat pr\u00e9historique de Tsoungiza, pr\u00e8s de N\u00e9m\u00e9e, vingt-et-une gousses d\u2019ail carbonis\u00e9es, dat\u00e9es d\u2019environ 1500&nbsp;av.&nbsp;J.-C., c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de la fin de l\u2019\u00e2ge du bronze. Trois gousses l\u00e9g\u00e8rement plus anciennes ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couvertes \u00e0 Akrotiri, sur l\u2019\u00eele de Santorin, \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur d\u2019un vase. Des gousses d\u2019ail carbonis\u00e9es ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9es dans des tombes du IV<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av.&nbsp;J.-C. \u00e0 Thassos, d\u00e9pos\u00e9es comme offrandes fun\u00e9raires, probablement \u00e0 des fins de protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/489_Eikona-1_20250827_131028-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16511 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/489_Eikona-1_20250827_131028-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/489_Eikona-1_20250827_131028-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/489_Eikona-1_20250827_131028-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/489_Eikona-1_20250827_131028-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/489_Eikona-1_20250827_131028-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Image 1. T\u00eate et gousses d\u2019ail, march\u00e9 de Kalamata, ao\u00fbt&nbsp;2025. Photo&nbsp;: S.M. Valamoti<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Sur la base de certains indices linguistiques, il semble que l\u2019ail \u00e9tait une plante introduite, originaire d\u2019Orient. Les appellations courantes de l\u2019ail dans l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 \u00e9taient presque identiques \u00e0 celles du grec moderne&nbsp;: \u00ab&nbsp;<em>skordon<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb et, plus fr\u00e9quemment, \u00ab&nbsp;<em>skorodon<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb. Ces deux termes apparaissent dans les textes grecs anciens \u00e0 partir du V<sup>e<\/sup>&nbsp;si\u00e8cle av.&nbsp;J.-C. Parall\u00e8lement, \u00e0 la m\u00eame \u00e9poque, on rencontre aussi les mots <em>aglis<\/em> et <em>gelgis<\/em>, qui signifient \u00ab&nbsp;t\u00eate d\u2019ail&nbsp;\u00bb ou \u00ab&nbsp;gousses d\u2019ail&nbsp;\u00bb. Ces deux termes sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme d\u2019origine akkadienne et constituent des survivances, en grec ancien, de mots bien plus anciens issus d\u2019un substrat linguistique aujourd\u2019hui mal connu. L\u2019akkadien \u00e9tant la langue administrative et diplomatique courante au Proche-Orient entre 1500&nbsp;et 500&nbsp;av.&nbsp;J.-C., l\u2019origine orientale des mots <em>aglis<\/em> et <em>gelgis<\/em> vient ainsi renforcer l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se d\u2019une provenance \u00e9trang\u00e8re de l\u2019ail dans la r\u00e9gion de la mer \u00c9g\u00e9e et en Gr\u00e8ce. Sur la base des donn\u00e9es arch\u00e9obotaniques, on peut supposer que l\u2019introduction de l\u2019ail en Gr\u00e8ce eut lieu au plus tard au cours du II<sup>e<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C., dans le cadre des r\u00e9seaux d\u2019\u00e9changes et de contacts reliant la Gr\u00e8ce et la mer \u00c9g\u00e9e aux civilisations de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e orientale, d\u2019Asie Mineure et du Proche-Orient \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge du bronze, en particulier \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque myc\u00e9nienne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences \u00e0 l\u2019ail sont nombreuses dans les textes grecs anciens. Au V<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av.&nbsp;J.-C., le mot appara\u00eet dans un fragment de Sophocle, et l\u2019on en trouve \u00e9galement mention chez l\u2019historien H\u00e9rodote. L\u2019ail est cit\u00e9 dans des trait\u00e9s techniques apportant des informations sur sa morphologie et sa culture, notamment dans les ouvrages de Th\u00e9ophraste (<em>Recherches sur les plantes<\/em> et <em>Des causes des plantes<\/em>, IV<sup>e<\/sup>\u2013III<sup>e<\/sup>&nbsp;si\u00e8cle av.&nbsp;J.-C.). En dehors de ces textes scientifiques, l\u2019ail est extr\u00eamement pr\u00e9sent dans la com\u00e9die antique, notamment dans les pi\u00e8ces d\u2019Aristophane (V<sup>e<\/sup>\u2013IV<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av.&nbsp;J.-C.). Ces r\u00e9f\u00e9rences \u00e0 l\u2019ail dans la po\u00e9sie comique montrent qu\u2019il s\u2019agissait d\u2019un aliment courant et appr\u00e9ci\u00e9, particuli\u00e8rement accessible aux couches sociales les plus modestes. Les textes m\u00e9dicaux de l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 en font \u00e9galement de nombreuses mentions&nbsp;: on y retrouve l\u2019ail dans un grand nombre de recommandations, soit comme aliment b\u00e9n\u00e9fique, soit comme ingr\u00e9dient \u00e0 \u00e9viter selon les affections, notamment dans les textes hippocratiques (V<sup>e<\/sup>\u2013IV<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av.&nbsp;J.-C.), dans le <em>De materia medica<\/em> de Dioscoride (I<sup>er<\/sup> si\u00e8cle ap.&nbsp;J.-C.) et dans l\u2019\u0153uvre de Galien (II<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle ap.&nbsp;J.-C.). Aujourd\u2019hui encore, l\u2019ail est cultiv\u00e9 dans de nombreuses r\u00e9gions de Gr\u00e8ce, o\u00f9 certaines vari\u00e9t\u00e9s locales se distinguent gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019activit\u00e9 agroalimentaire r\u00e9gionale, comme l\u2019ail de Vyssa en Thrace, l\u2019ail de Platykampos en Thessalie ou encore celui de Tripoli. L\u2019ail demeure un ingr\u00e9dient appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 dans de nombreuses recettes grecques, et il constitue l\u2019ingr\u00e9dient principal de la <em>skordali\u00e1<\/em> (a\u00efoli), pr\u00e9par\u00e9e sous de multiples formes selon les traditions culinaires locales.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Soultana Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki L\u2019ail est connu depuis les habitats arch\u00e9ologiques&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":16511,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[759,5285],"tags":[1671,5365],"class_list":["post-16519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istoria-fr","category-saveurs-anciennes","tag-ellada-fr","tag-references-historiques"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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