{"id":16495,"date":"2025-12-01T09:09:46","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T09:09:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/?p=16495"},"modified":"2026-01-07T11:28:22","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T11:28:22","slug":"sureau-noir-ou-sambuc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/sureau-noir-ou-sambuc\/","title":{"rendered":"Sureau noir (ou sambuc)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le fruit du sureau noir, petit et de couleur fonc\u00e9e, est aujourd\u2019hui utilis\u00e9 pour la pr\u00e9paration de confitures, tandis que les fleurs de la plante servent, dans plusieurs pays des Balkans jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la Scandinavie, \u00e0 la fabrication d\u2019un sirop aromatique. Le nom grec koufoxyli\u00e1<\/em> (\u00ab bois creux \u00bb) renvoie \u00e0 des croyances populaires r\u00e9pandues dans diverses r\u00e9gions d\u2019Europe, selon lesquelles des esprits habiteraient le tronc du sureau. D\u2019apr\u00e8s les donn\u00e9es arch\u00e9obotaniques, la plante est attest\u00e9e en Gr\u00e8ce depuis la p\u00e9riode n\u00e9olithique, bien que les graines carbonis\u00e9es d\u00e9couvertes soient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement peu nombreuses et relativement rares. Cependant, dans un habitat n\u00e9olithique de la r\u00e9gion de Kozani, \u00e0 Klitos, on a trouv\u00e9 un grand nombre de graines de sureau bien conserv\u00e9es et regroup\u00e9es en une concentration nette.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image 1. Sureau noir en fleurs dans les montagnes de Mac\u00e9doine centrale, mai 2022. Photo : S.-M. Valamoti<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Les mentions du sureau dans les textes grecs anciens sont relativement limit\u00e9es et apparaissent presque exclusivement dans les \u00e9crits des m\u00e9decins de l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9. Th\u00e9ophraste (IVe<\/sup>\u2013IIIe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.) en donne peu de d\u00e9tails botaniques. Le mot grec ancien pour d\u00e9signer le sureau est akt\u00e9<\/em> (ou akt\u00e9a<\/em>), et dans un texte m\u00e9dical anonyme post\u00e9rieur, conserv\u00e9 partiellement, le mot koufoxylaia<\/em> est utilis\u00e9 pour expliquer le terme akt\u00e9<\/em>. Dans la litt\u00e9rature grecque ancienne, les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences au sureau concernent le plus souvent les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s m\u00e9dicinales de diff\u00e9rentes parties de la plante et leur emploi dans des rem\u00e8des destin\u00e9s \u00e0 traiter des affections pr\u00e9cises. Le Corpus hippocratique (Ve<\/sup>\u2013IVe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.) contient plusieurs mentions du sureau, utilis\u00e9 comme ingr\u00e9dient dans diverses pr\u00e9parations th\u00e9rapeutiques. Ainsi, dans Maladies<\/em>, il est recommand\u00e9, en cas de maux de t\u00eate accompagn\u00e9s de mucosit\u00e9s et de fi\u00e8vre, si la douleur et la fi\u00e8vre persistent, d\u2019administrer au patient, en troisi\u00e8me recours, plus puissant que deux autres breuvages d\u00e9j\u00e0 prescrits, le jus de feuilles de sureau. Dans le Des r\u00e9gimes<\/em>, le jus de sureau (sans qu\u2019il soit pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 de quelle partie de la plante il provient) est mentionn\u00e9 parmi les boissons ayant des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s purgatives et favorisant le transit intestinal. Dioscoride (Ier<\/sup> si\u00e8cle ap. J.-C.), dans son ouvrage De materia medica<\/em>, distingue le sureau (akt\u00e9<\/em>) du sureau nain (chamaiakt\u00e9<\/em>), en donnant une description d\u00e9taill\u00e9e des deux plantes, ainsi que de leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s et usages th\u00e9rapeutiques, qu\u2019il consid\u00e8re comme similaires. Selon lui, les fruits du sureau sont nuisibles \u00e0 l\u2019estomac (kakostomachoi<\/em>), tandis que les feuilles et les jeunes pousses, une fois bouillies, purifient la bile et les mucosit\u00e9s. Il pr\u00e9cise \u00e9galement que la racine, bouillie dans du vin, est administr\u00e9e pour soigner la morsure de la vip\u00e8re. Parmi les nombreuses vertus m\u00e9dicinales de la plante, Dioscoride mentionne que le bain dans une eau o\u00f9 la racine de sureau a bouilli est b\u00e9n\u00e9fique contre les affections de l\u2019ut\u00e9rus, et que la consommation de ses fruits avec du vin produit des effets similaires. Enfin, il recommande des cataplasmes compos\u00e9s d\u2019orge moulue et de jeunes pousses de sureau pour soulager les br\u00fblures et les morsures de chien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Image 2. Confiture de sureau noir achet\u00e9e \u00e0 Thessalonique, septembre 2025, produit du P\u00e9lion (Magn\u00e9sie). Photo : S.-M. Valamoti<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Plante spontan\u00e9e de la flore grecque, le sureau continue d\u2019\u00eatre utilis\u00e9 de nos jours comme ingr\u00e9dient alimentaire, bien que son usage reste limit\u00e9. On peut savourer des confitures \u00e9labor\u00e9es \u00e0 partir de ses fruits, d\u2019un rouge violac\u00e9 intense, produites en petites quantit\u00e9s artisanales, leur r\u00e9colte \u00e9tant longue et la production limit\u00e9e. Ces confitures, issues de ce pr\u00e9cieux tr\u00e9sor de la nature sauvage, plante que l\u2019on cueille en Gr\u00e8ce depuis la pr\u00e9histoire, sont aujourd\u2019hui disponibles aupr\u00e8s de coop\u00e9ratives agricoles f\u00e9minines ou dans de petites boutiques de produits locaux, notamment dans la r\u00e9gion du P\u00e9lion et \u00e0 Kalambaka, en Thessalie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n

Image 3. Confiture de sureau noir achet\u00e9e \u00e0 Thessalonique, septembre 2025, produit du P\u00e9lion (Magn\u00e9sie). Photo : S.-M. Valamoti<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Le fruit du sureau noir, petit et de…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":16477,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[759,5285],"tags":[1671,5365],"class_list":["post-16495","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istoria-fr","category-saveurs-anciennes","tag-ellada-fr","tag-references-historiques"],"yoast_head":"\nSureau noir (ou sambuc) - Agriculture invers\u00e9e<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/sureau-noir-ou-sambuc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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