{"id":15336,"date":"2025-07-09T07:35:44","date_gmt":"2025-07-09T07:35:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/?p=15336"},"modified":"2026-01-07T10:23:33","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T10:23:33","slug":"les-olives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/les-olives\/","title":{"rendered":"Les olives"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em><strong><em><strong><em><strong>Soultana-Maria Valamoti<\/strong>, <strong>Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019olivier est pr\u00e9sent dans la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation de l\u2019\u00c9g\u00e9e depuis des mill\u00e9naires. Des feuilles fossilis\u00e9es d\u2019olivier ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couvertes \u00e0 Santorin et dat\u00e9es d\u2019environ 40&nbsp;000&nbsp;ans. D\u00e8s le Ve mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C., on retrouve ses traces sous forme de bois et de noyaux d\u2019olive sur des sites arch\u00e9ologiques de Cr\u00e8te, puis plus tard du P\u00e9loponn\u00e8se. Dans le nord de l\u2019\u00c9g\u00e9e, l\u2019olivier semble avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 absent durant la plus grande partie de la pr\u00e9histoire, et les premiers indices de sa pr\u00e9sence plus au nord proviennent de restes de pollen et de bois de l\u2019arbre, dat\u00e9s du IIIe et du IIe mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C. La culture de l\u2019olivier dans le sud de la Gr\u00e8ce, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c2ge du bronze, est \u00e9troitement li\u00e9e \u00e0 la production d\u2019huile d\u2019olive, laquelle circulait dans toute la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e dans des r\u00e9cipients sp\u00e9ciaux, les jarres \u00e0 \u00e9trier. L\u2019olivier et l\u2019huile sont mentionn\u00e9s dans les tablettes en lin\u00e9aire&nbsp;B de la seconde moiti\u00e9 du IIe mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C., tandis que des vergers d\u2019oliviers et d\u2019autres arbres fruitiers (poiriers, pommiers, grenadiers) apparaissent dans l\u2019Odyss\u00e9e d\u2019Hom\u00e8re.<br><br>Bien que le fruit de l\u2019olivier soit \u00e9troitement associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la production d\u2019huile, les olives \u00e9taient un mets appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 dans la Gr\u00e8ce antique. Il semble qu\u2019une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019olives de table ait \u00e9t\u00e9 disponible, selon le mode de pr\u00e9paration, la qualit\u00e9 et la provenance du fruit. Ainsi, par exemple, on rencontre le terme <em>thlasti<\/em>, qui d\u00e9signe des olives \u00e9cras\u00e9es \u2014 un terme qu\u2019Aristophane (IVe-IIIe si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.) emploie \u00e0 deux reprises, pr\u00e9cisant m\u00eame que ces olives \u00e9taient meilleures que les <em>almades<\/em>, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire celles conserv\u00e9es dans la saumure. Le terme <em>drupepis<\/em> fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence aux olives m\u00fbries sur l\u2019arbre; il est mentionn\u00e9 par le po\u00e8te comique Eupolis, qui v\u00e9cut \u00e0 Ath\u00e8nes au Ve si\u00e8cle av. J.-C., ainsi que par des auteurs post\u00e9rieurs, comme Archestrate (IVe si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.), qui cite ce type d\u2019olive dans un passage. La vari\u00e9t\u00e9 des olives consomm\u00e9es dans la Gr\u00e8ce antique est impressionnante&nbsp;: outre les<em> thlasti<\/em>, les <em>almades<\/em> et les <em>drupepis<\/em>, on trouve encore trois autres variantes&nbsp;: la <em>gergerimon<\/em>, la <em>pityrin<\/em> et la <em>lefki<\/em>. Dans un passage de l\u2019\u0153uvre de Callimaque (IVe si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.), on rencontre la mention de l\u2019olive <em>gergerimon<\/em>, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire des olives laiss\u00e9es \u00e0 m\u00fbrir longtemps jusqu\u2019\u00e0 se rider, de l\u2019olive<em> pityrin<\/em>, de petites olives, ainsi que des olives qualifi\u00e9es de <em>lefkin<\/em>, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de couleur claire. Callimaque nous informe donc que ces olives \u00e9taient mises \u00e0 tremper dans de la saumure. Tr\u00e8s imag\u00e9 est aussi le terme <em>kolymbades<\/em> (\u00ab&nbsp;nageuses&nbsp;\u00bb), qui d\u00e9signait les olives conserv\u00e9es dans la saumure et servies en accompagnement des repas \u2014 une information que l\u2019on doit \u00e9galement au m\u00eame po\u00e8te. Ces olives \u00e9taient aussi connues sous le nom d<em>\u2019almades<\/em>, comme le mentionne Aristophane. Des olives tr\u00e8s grosses sont \u00e9voqu\u00e9es par l\u2019historien Polybe (IIe si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.), lorsqu\u2019il compare la taille du fruit du lotus de Libye \u00e0 celle d\u2019olives qu\u2019il appelle <em>gongyles<\/em>, probablement des olives de grand calibre.<br><br>Quelques mill\u00e9naires plus tard, les grosses olives vertes, les olives rid\u00e9es<em> throumpes<\/em> de Thasos, ou encore les<em> almades<\/em>, qui portent aujourd\u2019hui le m\u00eame nom qu\u2019autrefois, continuent d\u2019occuper une place importante sur la table grecque contemporaine. Les olives<em> tsakistes<\/em> (\u00ab&nbsp;bris\u00e9es&nbsp;\u00bb) du Magne et d\u2019autres r\u00e9gions de Gr\u00e8ce rappellent fortement les <em>thlastes<\/em> de la Gr\u00e8ce antique, des olives que l\u2019on pr\u00e9parait en les \u00e9crasant avec une pierre avant de les mettre en saumure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki L\u2019olivier est pr\u00e9sent dans la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation de l\u2019\u00c9g\u00e9e&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":12251,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[759,5285],"tags":[1671,5365],"class_list":["post-15336","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istoria-fr","category-saveurs-anciennes","tag-ellada-fr","tag-references-historiques"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les olives - Agriculture invers\u00e9e<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fr\/les-olives\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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