{"id":16558,"date":"2025-12-01T10:22:34","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T10:22:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/?p=16558"},"modified":"2026-01-07T11:34:35","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T11:34:35","slug":"olut","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fi\/olut\/","title":{"rendered":"Olut"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kreikka ja helleeninen maailma yleisesti on yhdistetty viinitarhoihin ja viiniin jo muinaisista ajoista l\u00e4htien. Arkeobotanisten l\u00f6yt\u00f6jen perusteella viiniryp\u00e4leit\u00e4 on viljelty ja niist\u00e4 on tuotettu alkoholijuomaa Egeanmeren alueella viidennelt\u00e4 vuosituhannelta eKr. l\u00e4htien. Toinen juoma, jonka juuret ulottuvat esihistoriallisiin aikoihin saakka, on olut. Sit\u00e4 ovat nauttineet niin V\u00e4limeren alueen kuin L\u00e4hi-id\u00e4nkin kansat, kuten egyptil\u00e4iset ja sumerilaiset. Arkeologiset l\u00f6yd\u00f6kset ja kirjallisuusl\u00e4hteet tukevat laajalle levinnytt\u00e4 n\u00e4kemyst\u00e4, jonka mukaan viini on olennainen osa kreikkalaista kulttuuria. Viini ja sen suojeluspyhimys, viinin jumala Dionysos, mainitaan jo mykenel\u00e4isen kulttuurin aikaisissa lineaari-B-kirjoitusj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4ll\u00e4 kirjoitetuissa kivitauluissa. Sumerilaiset sen sijaan viittasivat usein olueen ja sen ainesosiin sek\u00e4 omaan oluen ja oluenvalmistuksen jumalattareensa Ninkasiin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u0391\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7<\/figure>
\n

Kuva 1. Hiiltyneit\u00e4 maltaita Argissasta, Thessaliasta, 2. vuosituhannen eKr. ensimm\u00e4iselt\u00e4 puoliskolta. Kuva teoksesta Valamoti, S.M. 2023, Plant Foods of Greece: a Culinary Journey to the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. University of Alabama Press.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Koska muinainen Kreikka sijaitsi l\u00e4hell\u00e4 kansoja, joilla oli tietoa oluenvalmistuksesta ja jotka nauttivat kyseist\u00e4 juomaa s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisesti, ei pit\u00e4isik\u00e4\u00e4n olla mik\u00e4\u00e4n yll\u00e4tys, ett\u00e4 olut on mainittu my\u00f6s muinaisessa kreikkalaisessa kirjallisuudessa. Kreikkalaisilla oli oluelle omia termej\u00e4\u00e4n, kuten vrytos<\/em> ja krithinos oinos<\/em>, joista j\u00e4lkimm\u00e4inen tarkoittaa ohrasta valmistettua viini\u00e4. Olueen on viitattu muinaisen historioitsijan Ksenofonin Anabasis<\/em>-teoksessa (400\u2013300-luvuilla eKr.) sek\u00e4 Aristoteleen (300-luvulla eKr.) tekstiss\u00e4. Muinaisten kreikkalaisten olutviittauksien t\u00e4rkein l\u00e4hde on kuitenkin Athenaios (100\u2013200-luvuilla jKr.) ja h\u00e4nen teoksensa Deipnosophistae<\/em>. Antiikin lyyrinen runoilija Arkhilokhos totesi, ett\u00e4 traakialaiset ja fryygialaiset joivat olutta. Viittauksia kyseiseen juomaan l\u00f6ytyy my\u00f6s Aiskhyloksen (500\u2013400-luvuilla eKr) ja Sofokleen (400-luvulla eKr.) runos\u00e4keist\u00e4. Kreikkalaisissa kirjallisuusl\u00e4hteiss\u00e4 olut on liitetty egyptil\u00e4isiin. Esimerkiksi Hekataios Miletoslainen (500\u2013400-luvuilla eKr.) toteaa, ett\u00e4 he valmistivat juomaa murskaamalla ohraa. Historioitsija Herodotos (400-luvulla eKr.) puolestaan kuvaa egyptil\u00e4isten juomaa olutta er\u00e4\u00e4nlaiseksi ohrasta valmistetuksi viiniksi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Kuva 2. Kosteuden aiheuttamaa it\u00e4mist\u00e4 ohranjyviss\u00e4. Oluen p\u00e4\u00e4raaka-aineen maltaiden tuottamiseksi viljat on j\u00e4tetty it\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n noin seitsem\u00e4ksi p\u00e4iv\u00e4ksi, mink\u00e4 j\u00e4lkeen ne on l\u00e4mp\u00f6k\u00e4sitelty, jotta ne eiv\u00e4t verso. Kuva: S.M. Valamoti, 2021.<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"\u03a3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kreikasta on l\u00f6ytynyt runsaasti arkeobotanisia todisteita viljan jyvist\u00e4, jotka ovat oluenvalmistuksen p\u00e4\u00e4ainesosa, 7. vuosituhannelta l\u00e4htien. Aivan viime aikoihin saakka ei kuitenkaan ollut l\u00f6ydetty viitteit\u00e4 siit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 n\u00e4it\u00e4 siemeni\u00e4 olisi k\u00e4ytetty oluen valmistukseen. Painopiste olikin voimakkaasti viiniss\u00e4, jonka valmistuksesta on arkeobotanisissa tutkimuksissa l\u00f6ytynyt runsaasti n\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00e4. Tilanne kuitenkin muuttui vuonna 2018, kun Giannitsan Archontikon ja Thessalian Argissan kaivauksilla tehtiin merkitt\u00e4vi\u00e4 l\u00f6yd\u00f6ksi\u00e4: hiiltyneit\u00e4 maltaita, eli it\u00e4neit\u00e4 viljan siemeni\u00e4, jotka olivat oluenvalmistusprosessin ensimm\u00e4inen ja t\u00e4rkein vaihe. N\u00e4m\u00e4 l\u00f6yd\u00f6kset ovat per\u00e4isin 2. vuosituhannen eKr. ensimm\u00e4iselt\u00e4 puoliskolta. Niiden kanssa l\u00f6ydettiin erityisi\u00e4 astioita ja useita savikuppeja, mik\u00e4 on selv\u00e4 osoitus siit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 olutta valmistettiin pronssikauden Kreikassa. Vaikka t\u00e4llaiset l\u00f6yd\u00f6kset ovatkin harvinaisia, ne kuitenkin paljastavat, ett\u00e4 Kreikan esihistoriallisina aikoina on ollut saatavilla runsaampi m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 alkoholijuomia kuin viime aikoihin saakka on uskottu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Itse asiassa nyky-Kreikassa on runsaasti pienpanimoita, joista jokainen tuo panoksensa maan kulinaristiseen monimuotoisuuteen laadukkailla, mauiltaan ja aromeiltaan vaihtelevilla tuotteilla. Esimerkiksi Egeanmeren alueen Tinoksen, Santorinin ja Evian saarilla, Joonianmeress\u00e4 sijaitsevalla Korfulla sek\u00e4 useilla Manner-Kreikan alueilla, kuten Makedonialla, Thessalialla ja Peloponnesoksella, on omat olutlajikevalikoimansa. Vaikka olut onkin liitetty ensisijaisesti muihin Euroopan ja V\u00e4limeren alueisiin, sill\u00e4 on pitk\u00e4t perinteet my\u00f6s Kreikassa. Todenn\u00e4k\u00f6isimmin sen valmistuksen ovat aloittaneet esihistoriallisina aikoina Levantin alueen kansat.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Kreikka ja helleeninen maailma yleisesti on yhdistetty viinitarhoihin…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":16194,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[758,5284],"tags":[5364,1653],"class_list":["post-16558","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istoria-fi","category-muinaiset-maut","tag-historialliset-viitteet","tag-ellada-fi"],"yoast_head":"\nOlut - K\u00e4\u00e4nteinen maatalous<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fi\/olut\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fi_FI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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