{"id":16381,"date":"2025-12-01T08:07:30","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T08:07:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/?p=16381"},"modified":"2026-01-07T11:32:26","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T11:32:26","slug":"punamarjakanukka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fi\/punamarjakanukka\/","title":{"rendered":"Punamarjakanukka"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Punamarjakanukka kasvaa kotoper\u00e4isen\u00e4 sek\u00e4 Kreikassa ett\u00e4 muualla Euroopassa. Punamarjakanukan arkeobotanisia j\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6ksi\u00e4, erityisesti niiden kivi\u00e4, on l\u00f6ytynyt L\u00e4nsi-Makedoniassa sijaitsevasta neoliittisen kauden asutuskeskuksesta Mavropigi-Filotsairista. Alueen on ajoitettu olevan per\u00e4isin noin 7. vuosituhannen eKr. puoliv\u00e4list\u00e4. Vaikka arkeologisissa kaivauksissa on l\u00f6ytynyt vain v\u00e4h\u00e4n punamarjakanukan marjoja, on l\u00e4hes varmaa, ett\u00e4 esihistorialliset asukkaat ker\u00e4siv\u00e4t niit\u00e4 s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisesti. Suuri m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 puun marjoja l\u00f6ydettiin Anargyroista Florinan nelj\u00e4n j\u00e4rven alueella sijainneesta asutuskeskuksesta, jossa ne s\u00e4ilyiv\u00e4t vettymisen ansiosta. Ne ovat todiste siit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 esihistoriallisen Makedonian asukkaat tunsivat kyseisen marjan ja ker\u00e4siv\u00e4t sit\u00e4 s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisesti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Punamarjakanukkaa tarkoittava muinainen sana, \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd(\u03b5)\u03b9\u03b1<\/em>, on l\u00e4hes identtinen nykykreikan vastineensa kanssa. Se esiintyi muinaisessa kreikkalaisessa kirjallisuudessa jo 700-luvulla eKr. ja Homeroksen eeppisiss\u00e4 runoelmissa. Iliaassa mainitaan ”tanyfloion kraneian” (punamarjakanukka ja sen sile\u00e4 tai ohut kuori), kun taas Odysseiassa Kirke-noita muutti Odysseuksen miehist\u00f6n sioiksi sy\u00f6tt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 heille punamarjakanukan ja tammenterhojen sekoitusta. Punamarjakanukan puusta valmistettuihin aseisiin viitataan usein, esimerkiksi jo homeerisessa hymniss\u00e4 Hermekselle, joissa mainitaan keih\u00e4s (v. 460, kraneinon akontion<\/em>). Monet 400-luvun eKr. kirjailijat kuvasivat punamarjakanukasta tehtyj\u00e4 aseita:, esimerkiksi er\u00e4s Euripideen tekstin katkelma mainitsee siit\u00e4 valmistetun jousipyssyn (ja Herodotos kertoo lyykialaisista jousipyssyist\u00e4), ja Ksenofon kuvaa muita heittoaseita (joita persialaiset k\u00e4yttiv\u00e4t Hellenika-, Kyyroksen kasvatus – ja Hevostaito -teosten mukaan) ja mets\u00e4stysv\u00e4lineit\u00e4 (Mets\u00e4styskirja). Historioitsija Ktesias (400\u2013300-luvuilla eKr.) kuvaa intialaisten k\u00e4ytt\u00e4mi\u00e4, punamarjakanukasta valmistettuja mets\u00e4stysv\u00e4lineit\u00e4 erityisen kest\u00e4viksi (\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1, \u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u1f00 \u1f04\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd). T\u00e4m\u00e4n vahvistaa my\u00f6s Theofrastos (Kasvioppi<\/em>), ja Pausanias (100-luvulla jKr.) on samaa mielt\u00e4 kirjoituksessaan Kreikan kuvaus<\/em>. Er\u00e4\u00e4n kuvauksen mukaan kreikkalaiset rakensivat Troijan hevosen Apollon pyh\u00e4st\u00e4 lehdosta kaadetusta punamarjakanukan puusta, mik\u00e4 nostatti jumalten vihan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>
\n

Kuva 1. Cholomonista, Taxiarchiksen alueelta Chalkidikin vuoristosta ker\u00e4ttyj\u00e4 punamarjakanukkoja, syyskuu 2021. Kuva: S.M. Valamoti<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Klassisessa kirjallisuudessa viittaukset punamarjakanukkaan ovat melko v\u00e4h\u00e4isi\u00e4, mik\u00e4 p\u00e4tee my\u00f6s laajemmin termeihin kranon<\/em> (joka tarkoittaa punamarjakanukkakasvia) ja kran(e)ion<\/em>. Esimerkiksi yll\u00e4 mainitussa Odysseian tarinassa punamarjakanukoihin viitataan termill\u00e4 \u201d\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03c2\u201d, kun taas komedioissa, joissa viitattiin usein ruokiin, kyseinen puu \u2013 eiv\u00e4t sen marjat \u2013 sis\u00e4llytettiin luetteloon jo 200-luvulla eKr. Anaxandrideen tekstiss\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 osoittaa, ett\u00e4 vaikka punamarjakanukkapuu ja sen marjat tunnettiin laajalti, viimeksi mainitut eiv\u00e4t olleet erityisen suosittuja ruokana. Toinen osoitus t\u00e4st\u00e4 on se, kuinka harvoin punamarjakanukka marjoineen mainittiin l\u00e4\u00e4ketieteellisess\u00e4 kirjallisuudessa. Ainoa, joka kertoo hiukan tarkemmin punamarjakanukan l\u00e4\u00e4ketieteellisist\u00e4 ominaisuuksista, on 100-luvulla el\u00e4nyt kirjoittaja Galenos, joka omistaa niille kokonaisen luvun teoksessaan Ruoka-aineisiin sis\u00e4ltyvist\u00e4 kyvyist\u00e4<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theofrastos viittaa punamarjakanukan kasvitieteellisiin ominaisuuksiin Kasvioppi<\/em>-teoksessaan, kun taas Kasveja koskevia syit\u00e4<\/em> -teoksessaan h\u00e4n mainitsee, ett\u00e4 puu sopii huonosti viljelt\u00e4v\u00e4ksi ja ett\u00e4 sen marjoista tulee sit\u00e4 v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n makeita, mit\u00e4 enemm\u00e4n sit\u00e4 kastellaan ja lannoitetaan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nykyisin punamarjakanukasta valmistetaan p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa lik\u00f6\u00f6rej\u00e4 ja marmeladeja. Reseptej\u00e4 l\u00f6ytyy keittokirjoista, jotka kattavat tiettyjen alueiden, kuten Pontoksen tai L\u00e4nsi-Makedonian (esim. Florina, Kozani), ruokakulttuurin. Punamarjakanukasta valmistettuja lik\u00f6\u00f6reit\u00e4 ja marmeladeja voi ostaa my\u00f6s erilaisilta maatalousosuuskunnilta ja kotitekoisina erityisesti Almopian, Vermion, Pierian ja Serresin alueilta Makedoniasta, Keski-Kreikan Evrytaniasta sek\u00e4 Traakian ja Thessalian eri alueilta. Punamarjakanukka on sesonkituote, jota myyd\u00e4\u00e4n kyps\u00e4n\u00e4 paikallisilla maaseutumarkkinoilla niill\u00e4 alueilla, joilla sit\u00e4 kasvaa villin\u00e4.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Punamarjakanukka kasvaa kotoper\u00e4isen\u00e4 sek\u00e4 Kreikassa ett\u00e4 muualla Euroopassa….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":16329,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[758,5284],"tags":[5364,1653],"class_list":["post-16381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istoria-fi","category-muinaiset-maut","tag-historialliset-viitteet","tag-ellada-fi"],"yoast_head":"\nPunamarjakanukka - K\u00e4\u00e4nteinen maatalous<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fi\/punamarjakanukka\/\" \/>\n<meta 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