{"id":13280,"date":"2025-06-16T10:16:52","date_gmt":"2025-06-16T10:16:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/main\/?p=13280"},"modified":"2026-01-07T10:11:10","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T10:11:10","slug":"kikherneet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fi\/kikherneet\/","title":{"rendered":"Kikherneet"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Varhaisimmat esihistoriallisten ihmisten ruoaksi k\u00e4ytt\u00e4m\u00e4t kikherneet on l\u00f6ydetty Luoteis-Syyriasta, ja ne on ajoitettu 10 000 vuoden taakse. Kreikassa kikherneet eiv\u00e4t kuitenkaan vaikuta olleen esihistoriallisten kansojen peruselintarvikkeita, koska neoliittisen ajan ja pronssikauden asutuksista on l\u00f6ytynyt vain v\u00e4h\u00e4n hiiltyneit\u00e4 kikherneiden siemeni\u00e4. On mahdollista, ett\u00e4 t\u00e4m\u00e4 palkokasvi ei ollut hyv\u00e4nmakuinen tai ei mukautunut helposti Kaakkois-Euroopan uusiin ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6olosuhteisiin pitk\u00e4\u00e4n aikaan maanviljelyksen alkamisen j\u00e4lkeen. Historiallisina aikoina kikherneet alkavat n\u00e4ky\u00e4 merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4mmin arkeobotanisissa l\u00f6yd\u00f6ksiss\u00e4, kuten Verginan Akropoliilta l\u00f6ytyneiss\u00e4 hiiltyneiss\u00e4 j\u00e4\u00e4miss\u00e4 (viimeisill\u00e4 kahdella vuosisadalla eKr.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vaikka kikherneet loistavat poissaolollaan esihistoriallisissa aineistoissa, antiikin aikana erevinthos<\/em>-nimell\u00e4 tunnettu palkokasvi mainittiin usein antiikin ajan kreikkalaisissa teksteiss\u00e4 jo hyvin varhaisessa vaiheessa. Ne esiintyv\u00e4t jo 700-luvulla eKr. Homeroksen eepoksissa, joissa ne mainitaan vertauksessa h\u00e4rk\u00e4papujen rinnalla. Runoilija Sapfo (600\u2013500-luvuilla eKr.) puhuu \u201dkullanv\u00e4risest\u00e4 kikherneest\u00e4\u201d, ja runoilija-filosofi Ksenofanes (500\u2013400-luvuilla eKr.) kuvaa, kuinka joku juo makeaa viini\u00e4 tulisijan \u00e4\u00e4ress\u00e4 kikherneit\u00e4 sy\u00f6den. Antiikin komedioissa kikherneisiin viitataan usein. T\u00e4m\u00e4 viittaa siihen, ett\u00e4 ne olivat yleist\u00e4 ja k\u00f6yhyyteen liittyv\u00e4\u00e4 ruokaa, kuten Aristofaneen (400\u2013300-luvuilla eKr.) teoksessa Naisten kansankokous<\/em>. Kikherneit\u00e4 sy\u00f6tiin v\u00e4lipalana (tragimata<\/em>) viinin kera niiden ollessa viel\u00e4 vihreit\u00e4 ja pehmeit\u00e4, sek\u00e4 paahdettuna tai keitettyn\u00e4 niiden ollessa kypsi\u00e4, kuten Fainias (300-luvulla eKr.) on maininnut. Arkhestratos (300-luvulla eKr.) ei vaikuta pit\u00e4neen kikherneit\u00e4 kovin suuressa arvossa raaka-aineena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hippokrateen teksteiss\u00e4 (400\u2013300-luvuilla eKr.) kikherneisiin suhtaudutaan my\u00f6nteisemmin: niit\u00e4 pidet\u00e4\u00e4n virtsanerityst\u00e4 lis\u00e4\u00e4vin\u00e4, puhdistavina ja ravitsevina. Erityisesti valkoiset kikherneet mainitaan sopivina ainesosina tiettyjen l\u00e4\u00e4keaineiden valmistuksessa. Theofrastoksen (300\u2013200-luvuilla eKr.) mukaan kikhernelajikkeissa oli merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4 vaihtelua antiikin aikana: jotkut olivat suuria, kuten kriaria<\/em>, toiset taas pikkuruisia, kuten rovi,<\/em> ja osa siit\u00e4 v\u00e4list\u00e4. H\u00e4n toteaa, ett\u00e4 valkoiset lajikkeet olivat maukkaampia kuin mustat tai punaiset. T\u00e4m\u00e4 osoittaa, ett\u00e4 antiikin aikana oli runsaasti kikhernelajikkeita, jotka soveltuivat eri k\u00e4ytt\u00f6tarkoituksiin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nykyisin kikherneet ovat edelleen suosittu ruoka kreikkalaisessa keitti\u00f6ss\u00e4.
Tietyiss\u00e4 uskonnollisissa juhlissa (esim. Sifnoksella ja Amorgoksella) kikherneit\u00e4 kypsennet\u00e4\u00e4n hitaasti ja tarjoillaan kaikille juhlaan osallistuville pyhiinvaeltajille. Muinaiset k\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6t, kuten paahdettujen kikherneiden sy\u00f6minen v\u00e4lipalana, ovat s\u00e4ilyneet nykyaikaisen stragalian muodossa. Sen sijaan maaseudulla, jossa kikherneit\u00e4 viljell\u00e4\u00e4n, niit\u00e4 sy\u00f6d\u00e4\u00e4n makeina ja vihrein\u00e4 suoraan pellolta \u2013 aivan kuten 300-luvulla eKr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuva 1. Hiiltynyt kikherneensiemen Verginan Akropoliilta, viimeisilt\u00e4 kahdelta vuosisadalta eKr. (Kuva: S.M. Valamoti, teoksesta Valamoti, Fyntikoglou, Symponis 2022, Food Crops in Ancient Greek Cuisine: an Archaeobotanical and Textual Study, University Studio Press.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuva 2. Stragalia, paahdettuja kikherneit\u00e4. (Kuva: S.M. Valamoti, teoksesta Valamoti, Fyntikoglou, Symponis 2022, Food Crops in Ancient Greek Cuisine: an Archaeobotanical and Textual Study, University Studio Press.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Varhaisimmat esihistoriallisten ihmisten ruoaksi k\u00e4ytt\u00e4m\u00e4t kikherneet on l\u00f6ydetty…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":11547,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[758,5284],"tags":[3160,3159,1653,5321],"class_list":["post-13280","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istoria-fi","category-muinaiset-maut","tag-gastronomia-fi","tag-istoria-fi","tag-ellada-fi","tag-ruokakulttuuri"],"yoast_head":"\nKikherneet - K\u00e4\u00e4nteinen maatalous<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fi\/kikherneet\/\" 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