{"id":12748,"date":"2025-04-23T08:29:27","date_gmt":"2025-04-23T08:29:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/main\/?p=12748"},"modified":"2025-12-18T10:47:03","modified_gmt":"2025-12-18T10:47:03","slug":"leipa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fi\/leipa\/","title":{"rendered":"Leip\u00e4"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sana artos<\/em> (leip\u00e4) esiintyy jo Homeroksen Odysseiassa<\/em>, jossa Odysseuksen pojan Telemakhoksen mainitaan ottavan kokonaisen leiv\u00e4n. Muinaisilla kreikkalaisilla oli h\u00e4mm\u00e4stytt\u00e4v\u00e4 leip\u00e4valikoima, joka her\u00e4tt\u00e4isi kateutta monissa nykyp\u00e4iv\u00e4n artesaanileipomoissakin. Muinaisia leipi\u00e4 valmistettiin viljasta ja ohrasta, jotka puhdistettiin ja jauhettiin usein laulun s\u00e4estyksell\u00e4, kuten Athenaios kuvasi teoksessaan Deipnosofistai<\/em>. Kreikkalainen l\u00e4\u00e4k\u00e4ri Galenos puolestaan kutsui nykyisin t\u00e4ysjyv\u00e4leip\u00e4n\u00e4 tunnettavaa tuotetta nimell\u00e4 syncomistos<\/em>. Ikivanhoista teksteist\u00e4 k\u00e4y ilmi, ett\u00e4 muinaiset kreikkalaiset valmistivat leip\u00e4taikinaa erilaisilla kypsennysmenetelmill\u00e4 ja leipoivat erimuotoisia ja -kokoisia leipi\u00e4, kuten pyramideja, py\u00f6reit\u00e4 malvansiemeni\u00e4 muistuttavia leipi\u00e4 sek\u00e4 rinkelin muotoisia leipi\u00e4. Hieman tuntemattomampi krivanitis artos<\/em>, joka tarkoittaa uunissa kypsennetty\u00e4 leip\u00e4\u00e4, on todenn\u00e4k\u00f6isesti ollut juuri rinkelin muotoinen, ja siin\u00e4 on ollut reik\u00e4 keskell\u00e4. Kreikkalaisen kirjailijan Aristofaneen Rikkaus<\/em>-teoksessa nimitt\u00e4in todetaan, ett\u00e4 n\u00e4m\u00e4 leiv\u00e4t ripustettiin k\u00f6yteen seppeleen tavoin. Muinaiset kirjailijat, kuten Hippokrates, mainitsevat erilaisia leiv\u00e4n valmistukseen k\u00e4ytettyj\u00e4 jauhoja: leseen kanssa tai ilman, hienoiksi tai karkeiksi jauhettuna, vain yht\u00e4 viljalajiketta tai erilaisten viljojen ja palkokasvien sekoituksia, kohotettuja ja kohottamattomia jne. Ksenofon mainitsee kohotetun leiv\u00e4n, jota h\u00e4n kutsuu nimell\u00e4 zymitis artos<\/em>. Hippokrates puolestaan mainitsi useita leiv\u00e4npaistamismenetelmi\u00e4, kuten egkryfia<\/em>, joka tarkoitti paistamista kuumassa tuhkassa. Erimuotoisten leipien lis\u00e4ksi leivottiin my\u00f6s erityisi\u00e4, yleens\u00e4 makeita leivonnaisia. Niit\u00e4 tehtiin erikoistilaisuuksiin, ennen kaikkea uskonnollisiin juhlap\u00e4iviin. Ephippus mainitsee esimerkiksi pyramouksen<\/em>, pyramidin muotoisen kakun, joka valmistettiin vehn\u00e4jauhoista ja hunajasta (kuva 1, leip\u00e4mallit).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leiv\u00e4n alkuper\u00e4 Kreikassa on ep\u00e4selv\u00e4, mutta se ulottuu esihistorialliseen aikaan saakka. Seitsem\u00e4nnelt\u00e4 vuosituhannelta eKr. l\u00e4htien Eurooppaan alkoi saapua ensimm\u00e4isi\u00e4 maanviljelij\u00f6it\u00e4, jotka perustivat siirtokuntia Makedoniaan, Traakiaan, Thessaliaan, Peloponnesokselle ja Kreetalle. Arkeologisissa tutkimuksissa ei ole viel\u00e4 l\u00f6ydetty varsinaisia esihistoriallisia leipi\u00e4, mutta tiedossa on kuitenkin, ett\u00e4 jo seitsem\u00e4nnell\u00e4 vuosituhannella eKr. Kreikan asukkaat viljeliv\u00e4t monenlaisia viljoja, kuten yksijyv\u00e4isvehn\u00e4\u00e4, emmervehn\u00e4\u00e4 ja Timofeevin vehn\u00e4\u00e4, raakavehn\u00e4\u00e4 (yleist\u00e4 ja\/tai durumia) ja ohraa. Neoliittisia viljoja viljeltiin Kreikassa my\u00f6s pronssikaudella ja antiikin aikana. Speltti\u00e4 alettiin viljell\u00e4 nelj\u00e4nnen vuosituhannen puoliv\u00e4liss\u00e4 eKr. ja hirssi\u00e4 toisella vuosituhannella. Kaikkia n\u00e4it\u00e4 viljoja viljeltiin, varastoitiin ja jauhettiin jauhoiksi. Jauhaminen tapahtui k\u00e4sik\u00e4ytt\u00f6isill\u00e4 jauhinkivill\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nykyisin kaupunkikeskuksista saatavilla olevien leipien valikoima on suhteellisen rajallinen tai sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 raaka-aineita, joita ei ollut olemassa antiikin aikoina. Leipien perusraaka-aine on kuitenkin edelleen vehn\u00e4 ja toisinaan ohra. Nykyajan leiviss\u00e4 k\u00e4ytetyt raaka-aineet, kuten ruis ja kaura, eiv\u00e4t muinaisina aikoina olleet yleisesti k\u00e4yt\u00f6ss\u00e4 leipien raaka-aineina. Muinaisten kreikkalaisten kirjallisuudessa on runsaasti tietoa leip\u00e4tuotteista, ja leiv\u00e4n leipomisen perinne el\u00e4\u00e4 yh\u00e4 nykyisinkin perinteisiss\u00e4 resepteiss\u00e4 ja paikallisissa keitti\u00f6iss\u00e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e4hdeluettelo<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brumfield, A. (1997). Cakes in the Liknon: Votives from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on Acrocorinth. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens<\/em>, 66<\/em>(1), 147\u2013172.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Psilakis ja Psilaki 2001, The bread of the Greeks (in Greek), Karmanor publications,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Valamoti 2023, Plant Foods of Greece: A Culinary Journey to the Neolithic and the Bronze Ages. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Valamoti, SM, Fyntikoglou, V., Symponis, K. 2022. Food Crops in Ancient Greek Cuisine. University Studio Press, Thessaloniki<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Mallileipi\u00e4 korissa, votiivilahja Demeterille ja Persefonelle heid\u00e4n pyh\u00e4k\u00f6ss\u00e4\u00e4n Korintissa (l\u00e4hde: Brumfield 1997, jonka on lahjoittanut Ateenan American School of Classical Studies, Corinth Excavations)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Sana artos (leip\u00e4) esiintyy jo Homeroksen Odysseiassa, jossa…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":7927,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[758,5284],"tags":[3160,3159,1653,5321],"class_list":["post-12748","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istoria-fi","category-muinaiset-maut","tag-gastronomia-fi","tag-istoria-fi","tag-ellada-fi","tag-ruokakulttuuri"],"yoast_head":"\nLeip\u00e4 - K\u00e4\u00e4nteinen maatalous<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/fi\/leipa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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