{"id":16588,"date":"2025-12-01T10:41:10","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T10:41:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/?p=16588"},"modified":"2026-01-07T11:20:03","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T11:20:03","slug":"almond-trees","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/en\/almond-trees\/","title":{"rendered":"Almond trees"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong><em>Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Almond trees have been indigenous to Greece for millennia. Early bloomers, these fruit-bearing trees are some of the first heralds of spring each year. Archaeobotanical remains of almond trees have been uncovered over the course of archaeological digs at Neolithic and Bronze-Age sites such as Franchthi in Argolida, and Knossos and Chrysi in Crete. These are usually carbonised almond shells. Prehistoric populations living in Greece likely harvested almonds, though whether these were bitter or domesticated and cultivated remains an open question. According to Theophrastus and his work <em>On the causes of plants<\/em> (4<sup>th<\/sup>-3<sup>rd<\/sup> c. B.C.), almond trees showcase notable longevity, with older trees producing more fruit. In the same work, Theophrastus also states that almond trees thrive even on rocky ground, though more fertile ground does lead to richer and better harvests. In fact, according to a passage from Aristotle (4<sup>th<\/sup> c. B.C.), if fertilised with pig manure in March, almond trees will produce larger, sweeter and more tender fruit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_A\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16572 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_A\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_A\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_A\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_A\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_A\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Image 1. Almonds in their shells and hulls. Mikri Mantineia, Messinia, August 2016. Photograph by S.M. Valamoti<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>References to almond trees and their fruit may be found throughout ancient Greek literature. While relatively few, they nevertheless offer a glimpse into the position almonds occupied in the ancient Greek diet. Almonds are included among lists of foodstuffs found in ancient comedies, such as a passage from Pherecrates (5<sup>th<\/sup> c. B.C.) and Alexis (4<sup>th<\/sup> c. B.C.), showing that they were widely consumed in antiquity. Naxos almonds especially appear to have been quite famous back then, as shown in two passages from the comics Eupolis and Phrynichus (5<sup>th<\/sup> c. B.C.). Nevertheless, almonds also appear to have been imported from abroad, as indicated by the comic poet Hermippus (5<sup>th<\/sup> c. B.C.), who mentions almonds from Paphlagonia, a region on the southern Black Sea coast of Asia Minor. Almonds seem to have been frequently paired with honey as accompaniments for wine, as is shown in a passage from the 4<sup>th<\/sup>-century comic poet Antiphanes. The 3<sup>rd<\/sup>-2<sup>nd<\/sup> century B.C. engineer Philo, in his <em>Poliorcetica<\/em>, provides a recipe for a fortifying concoction made with honey, sesame seeds, and almonds among other ingredients; it was said that a single mouthful of it could adequately sustain soldiers on the march and provide sustenance when supplies were scarce, similar to modern-day energy bars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Image 2. Sweets featuring varying combinations of almonds, sesame seeds and honey, produced in Messinia and purchased in Kalamata, August 2021. Photograph by S.M. Valamoti<\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_\u0391\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u039c\u0395\u039b\u0399-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16580 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_\u0391\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u039c\u0395\u039b\u0399-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_\u0391\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u039c\u0395\u039b\u0399-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_\u0391\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u039c\u0395\u039b\u0399-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_\u0391\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u039c\u0395\u039b\u0399-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_\u0391\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u039c\u0395\u039b\u0399-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/portal.greekfarms.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/492_\u0391\u039c\u03a5\u0393\u0394\u0391\u039b\u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u039c\u0395\u039b\u0399-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Just like in antiquity, today almonds are a core ingredient in sweets made throughout Greece, whether ground into powder and made into cake, or as the filling in phyllo pastries, or especially in the famous almond sweets that are popular in the islands of the Ionian and Aegean and in certain maritime regions of mainland Greece. Soumada, a beverage made of almonds, sugar, and water, is also popular in certain islands of Greece and throughout the Mediterranean. The combination of almonds with honey as described in ancient texts is available even today as a sweet similar to pasteli in various stores with local products as well as supermarkets. In the Ionian Islands, almonds are included whole \u2013usually coated in sugar\u2013 in sweets the locals call mandoles.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Soultana-Maria Valamoti, Professor, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Almond trees have been indigenous to Greece for&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":16572,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_video_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5283,757],"tags":[1636,5363],"class_list":["post-16588","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ancient-flavors","category-istoria-en","tag-ellada-en","tag-historical-references"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Almond trees - Reverse 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